ABSTRACT
Motor vocalization disorders have been described as an inability to sequence sound systems to form words instead of noises, formulating the thoughts and motor control of vocalization. Disordered vocalization is a varied group of disorders consequent to injuries at different levels of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the torso, the neck, the throat, and the face. The range of communication channels or levels has been described: facial, prosodic, lexical, gestural, postural, with an emotional dimension, lexicon, and phonology. Phonology includes speech perception, production, cognition, and the motor aspects of speech: The rules involving the structure and systematic pattern of sounds in language. Prosody is a major nonverbal component to speech meaning, social communication, and the expression of feelings. Damage to the cerebellum, brainstem, or their connections causes dysphonia through interference with laryngeal muscle coordination and tone, affecting vocal fold movements.
