ABSTRACT
The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is one of the most frequent, devastating, and costly problems in healthcare.1 With the increase in life expectancy, the aging-associated tissue loss or degeneration becomes more severe and frequent. The current therapeutic options to treat organ or tissue loss are based on transplanting the organ, performing surgical reconstruction, or using arti cial implants.2 Despite the advances in the medical eld, all these therapeutic approaches display several limitations, and, in the majority of cases, they relieve the symptoms but do not cure the disease, since they are unable to provide tissue regeneration.3
