ABSTRACT
Beta Radiation Densitometers 839 X-Ray Densitometers 839 Limitations 840 Conclusions 840 Bibliography 840
6.7 ULTRASONIC SLUDGE AND SLURRY DENSITOMETERS 841
Introduction 841 Ultrasonic Sludge Densitometers 841
Calibration 842 Sonic Densitometers 843 Bibliography 843
6.8 LIQUID/SLURRY/GAS DENSITY-VIBRATING DENSITOMETERS 844
Introduction 845 Basic Theory 845 Real Life Behavior 846
Effects of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow 846 Effects of Sample Properties 847
Vibrating U-Tube 847
Vibrating U-Tube with Period of Oscillation Measurement 847
Vibrating U-Tube with Vibration Amplitude Measurement 848
Vibrating Cylinder or Straight Tube 848 Vibrating Cylinder 848 Vibrating Straight Tube 849
Vibrating Twin-Tube 850 Vibrating Fork 850 Multivariable Transducer for Density
and Sound Velocity 851 References 851 Bibliography 851
6.9 WEIGHT-BASED AND MISCELLANEOUS DENSITOMETERS 852
Introduction 852 Weight-Based Densitometers 852
Weighed-Bulb-Type Densitometer 852 Design Features 853
U-Tube Density Gauge 853 Applications 854 Temperature Compensation 854
Straight-Tube Density Transmitter 854 Direct Density Controller 855
Ball-Type Densitometer 855 Capacitance Densitometers 856
Fuel Weight Measurement 856 Bibliography 856
6.10 GAS DENSITOMETERS 857
Introduction 858 Theory of Operation 858 Displacement-Type Densitometers 858
Continuous Units for Pressurized Operation 859
Electromagnetic Suspension-Type Units 860 Centrifugal Gas Density Sensors 860 Fluid Dynamic Densitometer 861 Gas Column Balance Sensors 861 Thermal Conductivity Density Gauges 862 Viscous Drag-Type Density Sensors 863 Ultrasonic Density Detection 863 Conclusions 863 Bibliography 864
INTRODUCTION
By measuring the density of a process stream, one can determine its concentration, composition, or in the case of fuels, one can identify its calorific value. Density measurement is also necessary to convert volumetric flow into mass flow (Section 2.12).
