ABSTRACT
Related to Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.2.1 Physical Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8.2.2 Combustion and Formation of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.2.3 Buoyancy, Migration, and Dilution of Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . 200 8.2.4 Exit Velocity Considerations for Different Carbon Monoxide
Producing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.2.5 Absorption and Dissipation of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.3 Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.3.1 Consumer Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.3.2 Industrial Products and Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.4 What are Warnings, Labels, Instructions, and Other Forms of Communications? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.5 The Content, Configuration, and Design of Labels, Warnings, and Instructional Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.5.1 Design of Labeling and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.5.2 Written Instructional Information on Safety Materials . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.5.4 Workplace Area Warnings and Labeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.5.4.1 Examples of General OSHA Warning Signage . . . . . . . . . 211 8.5.4.2 Examples of Specific OSHA Exposure Warning
Signage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.5.4.3 Other OSHA and Industry Warning Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.6 The Reasons, Rationale, and Scientific Bases for Providing Safety Information for Carbon Monoxide with Selected Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.6.1 Ethical and Philosophical Reasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 8.6.2 Research Basis: the Need for Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 8.6.3 Voluntary Standards for CO Warnings (Examples in
Chronological Order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 8.6.4 Mandatory Safety Information Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 8.6.4.2 Federal Government Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.6.5 The Custom and Practice of Carbon Monoxide Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.6.6 Litigation-Driven Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Other chapters in this book discuss about the chemical, physical, toxicological, and health concerns of exposure to carbon monoxide (CO). This chapter addresses warnings, labeling, instructions, and other communication modes (i.e., safety information) about the hazards of exposure to CO. This chapter addresses (1) the conditions that may lead to the static and variable formation of CO, (2) characteristics that may impact the need to provide user-safety information, (3) common sources of CO, and (4) the characteristic movement of CO through the air that may prompt a need for user-safety information.
