ABSTRACT
In general, effective methods for studying JCSs at work disrupt and disturb the
current system to observe how that system adapts and settles back into equilibrium.
This basic technique for functional analysis can be carried out in multiple ways:
(a) Observing at naturally occurring points of change; for example, see the series
of studies of the side effects of introducing new information technology into
high performance health care settings such as Cook & Woods (1996), Patterson
et al. (2002), Ash et al. (2004), Koppel et al. (2005); Wears & Berg (2005).
