ABSTRACT
Pronotum variable, with or without horns or tubercles. Elytra convex or flattened, with or without striae. Pygidium concealed by elytra [Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae] or exposed [Scarabaeinae, Melolonthinae, Dynastinae, Rutelinae, Cetoniinae]. Scutellum exposed or not; shape triangular or parabolic. Legs with coxae transverse or conical; protibiae tridentate, bidentate, or serrate on outer margin, apex with one spur; meso- and metatibia slender or robust, apex with 1 or 2 spurs; tarsi 5-5-5, anterior tarsi absent in some Scarabaeinae; claws variable, equal in size or not, simple or toothed; empodium present, extending beyond fifth tarsomere, with 2-5 setae or with setae absent.
