ABSTRACT
Larva elateriform, subcylindrical, heavily sclerotized; length 10-50 mm; body with a few short setae; color testaceous to dark reddish-brown. Head exserted, prognathous, epicranial stem long, frontal arms V-shaped. Antennae small, 1-segmented. Clypeus and labrum distinct; mandibles short, robust, tridentate (but typically appearing 5-dentate); mola absent; ventral mouthparts retracted; maxillae each with transverse cardo, elongate stipes, 4segmented palpi, truncate mala with notched adoral angle; labium with mentum and submentum fused, ligula forming an apically truncate, 4-dentate plate; palpi 2-segmented. Stemmata absent. Prothorax subequal to meso- and metathorax combined, with 5-segmented legs. Abdomen 9-segmented, the ninth tergum produced into a cap-like, dorsally hinged operculum; segments 2-7 with deeply impressed, paired depressions. Spiracles biforous with accessory tubes, those of abdominal segments 3-8 reduced in size in some. Urogomphi absent.
