ABSTRACT
The designation “lower temperature application” is somewhat relative, but here it refers to processes with furnace temperatures below about 2200°F (1200°C). The major applications considered in this chapter include ovens and dryers, fired heaters, and heat-treating furnaces. In general, the dominant heat transfer mechanisms are radiation and forced convection, depending on the specific application. This is in contrast to higher temperature applications that are dominated almost exclusively by thermal radiation.
