ABSTRACT
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 How Many Species on the Planet and How Many Species on the Desk . . . 13 Plurality of Species Bioindicators and the Human Limited Ability to
Memorize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 What Is Biodiversity and How Can It Be Used to Assess the Landscape? . 16 What Bioindicators Are and How to Use Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 What Is Sustainability? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Landscape vs. Landscape Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Margin Effects (Hedgerows, Shelterbelts, Weed Strips) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Corridors and Connectivity in the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Effect of Mosaics in the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Colonization and Recolonization Dynamics and Pendularism. . . . . . . . . . . 25
Hedgerow Isolated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Semipermanent Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Hedgerow Network in the Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Grassy Semipermanent Margins, Beetle Banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Complexity of Vegetation and Predation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Perennials vs. Annual Crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Impact of Pollution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Waste Disposal, Reclamation and Rehabilitation,
and Bioremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Soil Tillage and Soil Compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Biotechnology: Genetically Engineered Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Practical Approaches for Field Assessment with Bioindicators to Monitor
Decreasing Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Decreasing Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
INTRODUCTION
The use of biodiversity as a tool to assess landscape structure, transformation, and fate is a valid component of policies applied to rural, managed, industrial, and urbanized areas to reduce human mismanagement and alleviate pollution (Wilson, 1997). The argument for the importance of biodiversity in directing environmental policy presupposes that animals, plants, and microorganisms and their complex interactions respond to human landscape management and impacts in different ways, with some organisms responding more quickly and definitively than others. It has to be assumed that changes in landscape management influence the biota, and that certain transient or permanent signs remain inside the system of biological communities (Richardson, 1987; Szaro and Johnston, 1996; Jeffrey and Madden, 1991; Paoletti and Pimentel, 1992). This assumption is supported by three recent books summarizing current data on insects as indicators of pollution and environmental change (Harrington and Stork, 1995; Munawar et al., 1995; and Paoletti, 1999). However, much work is needed to directly relate this assumption to the pragmatic problems encountered as attempts are made to improve the living landscape.
