ABSTRACT
Relationship between Turf and Traffic .............................................................. 243 Turfgrass Species and Varieties ........................................................................ 245
Warm-Season Grasses .......................................................................... 246 Bahia Grass .................................................................................. 246 Bermuda Grass ............................................................................ 246 Buffalo Grass .............................................................................. 247 Centipede Grass .......................................................................... 247 St. Augustine Grass ...................................................................... 247 Seashore Paspalum ...................................................................... 247 Zoysia Grasses ............................................................................ 248
Cool-Season Grasses ............................................................................ 248 Bentgrasses .................................................................................. 249 Bluegrasses .................................................................................. 249 Tall Fescue .................................................................................. 249 Perennial Ryegrass ...................................................................... 250
Turf Construction .............................................................................................. 250 The USGA Profile ................................................................................ 250 The California Profile ............................................................................ 251 Sand-Based Root Zone Mixtures .......................................................... 252 Turfgrass Installation ............................................................................ 254 Base Course for Drainage, Stability, and Rooting ................................ 255
Turf Maintenance .............................................................................................. 257 Irrigation ................................................................................................ 257 Mowing .................................................................................................. 258 Fertilization ............................................................................................ 259 Aeration ................................................................................................ 259 Topdressing ............................................................................................ 260 Overseeding ............................................................................................ 260 Insect Control ........................................................................................ 261 Disease Control .................................................................................... 261 Weed Control ........................................................................................ 261 Traffic Control ...................................................................................... 261 Snow Removal ...................................................................................... 262 Combined Effect of Maintenance Operations ...................................... 262
Turf Infiltration Rate ........................................................................................ 262 Infiltration Rate in Sand-Based Root Zones ........................................ 263 Infiltration Rate in Fine-Textured Root Zones ...................................... 264
Unreinforced Turf for Pedestrian Traffic .......................................................... 264 Missouri Botanical Garden .................................................................... 265 Scott Amphitheater, Swarthmore College, Pennsylvania ...................... 265 Amphitheaters in Other Climates .......................................................... 266
Unreinforced Turf for Vehicular Traffic ............................................................ 268 Big Top Flea Market, Florida ................................................................ 268 Mall of Georgia .................................................................................... 269 Muirfield Village, Ohio ........................................................................ 271
Turf Reinforcement .......................................................................................... 272 Overlaid Meshes .................................................................................... 272 Embedded Mats .................................................................................... 274 Integral Fibers ........................................................................................ 275
Reinforced Turf for Vehicular Traffic ................................................................ 277 Lino Lakes State Bank, Minnesota ...................................................... 277 Troy Burne Golf Club, Wisconsin ........................................................ 278 Urban Ventures Soccer Field, Minnesota .............................................. 278
Trademarks ........................................................................................................ 280 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ 280 References ........................................................................................................ 281
Living turf is a pavement, or a pavement surrogate, in places where it is used for the purpose of bearing traffic. Turf can be selected, designed, and installed to meet limited traffic requirements in a stable and durable manner, while it simultaneously maintains the health and appearance of living grass. For this, the surface soil layer must be a viable rooting medium, and should be able to withstand a compactive traffic load without sacrificing the porosity and permeability that are essential to turf’s continued health.
