ABSTRACT
All cities in Europe struggle with the problems of urban sprawl and traffic congestion, yet mostly with little success. There is a growing awareness that market forces will continue to lead to ever more dispersed, energy-wasteful urban settlement patterns
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and that only a combination of land use policies, such as the promotion of higherdensity, mixed-use urban forms, and of transport policies to promote public transport and contain the automobile can free metropolitan areas from their increasing autodependency. It is therefore necessary to develop modelling approaches in which the two-way interaction between transport and land use is modelled (Alvanides et al., 2001).
