SOIL MECHANICS

For design, the total vertic al soil pressure at the top of the pipe is:

P = Pd + Pl . . . . . (4.1)

where (see Figure 4-2) P = total vertical soil pressure at the level of

the top of the pipe Pd = dead load pressure due to weight of the

soil (and water content) Pl = vertical live load pressure at the level of

the top of the pipe due to surface loads.