ABSTRACT
Figure 8-1 Typical stress-strain diagram from laboratory tests showing: E = modulus of elasticity = slope within the elastic zone E" = stiffness = slope at any point on the graph, or the average slope of the cord in some stress range such as A to B
Figure 8-2 Comparison of a leaf spring and a cylindrical spring showing the stiffness F/D for each. For the ring, F/D is called pipe stiffness and EI/D3 is called ring stiffness.
