ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the sorption reaction and ion exchange. It presents two mathematical models for determination of metal uptake kinetics. In addition, there may be some functional groups not associated with the calcium and magnesium ions. They may play a role in the metal uptake due to the formation of metal–ligand complexes, which can be described by the surface complex formation model (SCFM). The diffusion model can be employed to simulate the metal uptake kinetics for sorbents and ion exchange resins. The most common models used for sorption processes are the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Freundlich equation can be used in correlating metal ion adsorption data over a restricted range of concentrations. KINEQL, probably the only calculation model for metal adsorption kinetics that includes SCFM uses the same tableau approach as MINEQL and FITEQL. The chapter describes various empirical and theoretical tools together with several case studies.
