ABSTRACT
Maxim E. Darvin, Juergen Lademann Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Department of Dermatology, Universita¨tsmedizin Charite´ Berlin, Germany
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 8.2 Production of Free Radicals in the Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 8.3 Antioxidative Potential of Human Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 8.4 Physicochemical Properties of Cutaneous Carotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 8.5 Methods for the Detection of Cutaneous Carotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 8.6 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 8.7 Results Obtained by RRS In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 8.8 Strategies on the Application of Antioxidant Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 8.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
This chapter describes the possibility of noninvasive determination of carotenoid antioxidant substances in human skin by utilizing an optical method based on resonance Raman spectroscopy. The possibility of noninvasive measurements of all cutaneous carotenoids as well as the separate determination of the carotenoids beta-carotene and lycopene in the skin is presented.
