In Planta Transformation of Pisum sativum L. Using Microinjection and Electroporation

Electroporation is widely used to introduce several classes of molecules, including DNA, into prokaryotic and eukaryotic living cells. The technique was first used to transform murine cells (Neumann et al., 1982) and subsequently plant protoplasts (Fromm et al., 1985). Although successful, these first experiments were attempted before significant understanding of the physical and biological phenomena underlying cellular electropore formation had been gained. This situation has changed much in the intervening years, but many questions remain unanswered or are only partially answered.