ABSTRACT
I. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 474
A. Package Selection Criteria ..................................................................................... 474
B. Migration ................................................................................................................ 474
II. Regulatory Considerations ............................................................................................. 475
A. General Requirements ............................................................................................ 475
B. United States of America ....................................................................................... 476
C. European Community ............................................................................................ 481
1. Background ...................................................................................................... 481
2. Directives ......................................................................................................... 482
III. Plastics Packaging .......................................................................................................... 483
A. Vinyl Chloride Monomer ....................................................................................... 483
B. Styrene Monomer ................................................................................................... 485
C. Acrylonitrile (AN) Monomer ................................................................................. 485
D. Plasticizers .............................................................................................................. 486
1. Phthalate and Adipate Esters .......................................................................... 486
2. Acetyltributyl Citrate ....................................................................................... 487
3. Epoxidized Soy Bean Oil ................................................................................ 488
E. Antioxidants ........................................................................................................... 488
F. Odors and Taints .................................................................................................... 488
1. Solvents ........................................................................................................... 489
2. Monomers ........................................................................................................ 490
3. Polyethylene .................................................................................................... 490
4. Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) .......................................................................... 491
5. Miscellaneous .................................................................................................. 491
IV. Metal Packaging ............................................................................................................. 492
A. Tin .......................................................................................................................... 492
B. Lead ........................................................................................................................ 492
C. Aluminum ............................................................................................................... 493
D. Chromium ............................................................................................................... 494
E. Epoxy Resin Coatings ............................................................................................ 495
F. Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................... 495
V. Paper Packaging ............................................................................................................. 495
A. Dioxins ................................................................................................................... 495
B. Benzophenone ........................................................................................................ 497
C. Nitrosamines ........................................................................................................... 497
D. Chlorophenols and Chloroanisoles ........................................................................ 498
E. Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................... 498
VI. Glass Packaging ............................................................................................................. 498
References ................................................................................................................................... 499
A number of criteria must be considered when selecting a packaging system for a food. These
include:
1. The stability of the food with respect to the deteriorative chemical, biochemical and
microbiological reactions which can occur. The rates of these reactions depend on both
intrinsic (compositional) and extrinsic (environmental) factors.
