Nonlinear Phenomena and Plasma Instabilities in the Disturbed Irregular Ionosphere

In the regular ionosphere, a plasma homogeneous continuum consisting of gas molecules, electrons, and ions, nonlinear effects are weak, because plasma is in an equilibrium conditions, between its components. In the real ionosphere, plasma is not in an equilibrium state, and strong deviations from its equilibrium (also called the steady state regime in the literature) lead to formations of plasma wave perturbations, which create different kinds of instabilities in the ionosphere.