ABSTRACT
Although direct line-of-sight (LOS) radio propagation between the terminals, transmitter, and receiver occurs in the ionosphere-mostly for satellite-land and satellite-satellite communications-multidiffraction, multireflection, and multiscattering effects are usually observed owing to obstructions in the form of natural and artificial plasma structures. These plasma density irregularities cause additional losses compared to those observed when the ionospheric plasma is a uniform, homogeneous, regular-layered medium, and also cause multipath fading of the signal strength/intensity observed at the receiver [1-8].
