ABSTRACT
Various computational human phantoms modeling human bodies have been developed for radiation dosimetry.ThemostimportantŸeldofapplicationofcomputationalhumanphantomsisinradiation protection.Thepurposeofradiationprotectionistoprotectpeopleandtheenvironmentagainstthe detrimentaleffectsofradiationexposurewithoutundulylimitingthedesirablehumanactionsthat maybeassociatedwithsuchexposure(ICRP,2007).Inradiationprotection,exposurestoionizing radiation are managed and controlled so that deterministic effects are prevented, and the risks of
23.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 623 23.2Dosimetry in Radiation Protection .......................................................................................624 23.3Computational Human Phantoms ......................................................................................... 627
23.3.1Stylized Phantoms .................................................................................................... 627 23.3.2Voxel Phantoms ........................................................................................................ 628 23.3.3 ICRP Reference Phantoms ....................................................................................... 630
23.4Dose Calculation for Radiation Protection Purposes ........................................................... 630 23.4.1Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Calculation ......................................................... 630 23.4.2External Dose Calculation ........................................................................................ 631
23.4.2.1Photon ........................................................................................................ 631 23.4.2.2 Electron ...................................................................................................... 633
23.4.3Internal Dose Calculation ......................................................................................... 634 23.4.3.1Absorption Fraction and SpeciŸc Absorption Fraction ............................. 634 23.4.3.2S-Value ....................................................................................................... 636
23.4.4Environmental Exposure .......................................................................................... 637 23.5 Application to Other Fields ................................................................................................... 639
23.5.1Application to Radiation Therapy ............................................................................ 639 23.5.2Dosimetry in Accidents ............................................................................................640 23.5.3Animal Phantoms ..................................................................................................... 641
23.6Summary ..............................................................................................................................642 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 643 References ...................................................................................................................................... 643
stochastic effects are reduced to the extent that can be reasonably achieved. For these purposes, radiationdoselimitsaresetforworkersandthepublic,andtheso-calledoptimizationofprotectionisperformedtoreduceexposureaslowascanbereasonablyachieved.Tocontrolandoptimize doses,theeffectivedosedeŸnedasthesumofrisk-weightedorgandoseshasbeenused.Various procedurestoestimateradiationdosesusingexperimental,theoretical,andsimulationapproaches are designated as radiation dosimetry.
