ABSTRACT
The argument for lower visual targets commences with the observation that subjective preference is for visual targets to be located such that the eyes are rotated downwards relative to the head. Kroemer and Hill (1986), for example, measured the average preferred gaze angle as 35° below a line joining the external auditory meatus and the outer canthus (the ear-eye line) for visual targets at 1 m and 44° below the ear-eye line for targets at 0.5 m, while Mon-Williams et al. (1999) found the preferred gaze angle of 12 participants to range from 19° to 36° below the ear-eye line (mean, 27°) for a target at 0.65 m.
