ABSTRACT
Host-Dependent Cue ..................................................................................275 14.3.1 Bile Effects on Other Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Virulence Factors.........................................................................275 14.3.2 Impact of Bile on Lipopolysaccharide Structure,
Outer-Membrane Permeation, and Virulence..............................276 14.3.3 Envrironmental Regulation of Capsule
Formation and Disease ................................................................276 14.4. Effect of Biofilm Formation on Antibiotic Activity...................................277 14.5 Conclusions ................................................................................................278 References..............................................................................................................278
Pathogens encounter numerous environmental stimuli and mount coordinated responses to ensure survival and colonization within the host (1-13). Osmolarity, pH, temperature, anaerobiosis or elevated CO2, and the concentrations of several cations including calcium, magnesium, and iron are important cues (14-21). Hostspecific chemical factors play an additional central role in the regulation of virulence
