ABSTRACT
Potentially Exposed Populations ....................................................... 443 14.3.3 Gathering Topographic Information .................................................................. 443 14.3.4 Gathering Soil and Subsurface Information ...................................................... 443 14.3.5 Gathering Groundwater Information ................................................................. 444
14.3.5.1 Identifying Potential Environmental and Human Health Concerns ................................................................................ 444
14.3.5.2 Community Involvement ................................................................... 445 14.3.5.3 Conducting a Site Visit ...................................................................... 445
14.3.5.5 Developing a Report .......................................................................... 446
14.3.6 The Triad Approach: Streamlining Site Investigations and Cleanup Decisions ............................................................................................. 447
14.3.7 Performing a Phase II Site Assessment: Sampling the Site ............................... 447 14.3.7.1 Setting DQOs .................................................................................... 448 14.3.7.2 Screening Levels ............................................................................... 450 14.3.7.3 Environmental Sampling and Data Analysis .................................... 451 14.3.7.4 Levels of Sampling and Analysis ...................................................... 451
14.3.8 Increasing the Certainty of Sampling Results ..................................................... 452 14.3.9 Site Assessment Technologies ........................................................................... 452
14.3.9.1 Field versus Laboratory Analysis ...................................................... 452 14.3.9.2 Sample Collection and Analysis Technologies ................................. 452
14.3.10 Additional Considerations for Assessing Metal Finishing Sites ........................ 454 14.3.10.1 Where to Sample ............................................................................... 454 14.3.10.2 How Many Samples to Collect .......................................................... 457 14.3.10.3 What Types of Analysis to Perform .................................................. 457
14.3.11 General Sampling Costs .................................................................................... 458 14.3.11.1 Soil Collection Costs ......................................................................... 458 14.3.11.2 Groundwater Sampling Costs ........................................................... 458 14.3.11.3 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling Costs ................................... 458 14.3.11.4 Sample Analysis Costs ...................................................................... 458
14.4 Site Cleanup ...................................................................................................................... 459 14.4.1 Developing a Cleanup ........................................................................................ 459
14.4.1.1 Institutional Controls ......................................................................... 460 14.4.1.2 Containment Technologies ................................................................ 460 14.4.1.3 Types of Cleanup Technologies ........................................................ 461
14.4.2 Keys to Technology Selection and Acceptance ................................................. 461 14.4.3 Summary of Technologies for Treating Metals/
Metalloids at Brown eld Sites ........................................................................... 463 14.4.4 Cleanup Technologies Options for Metal Finishing Sites ................................. 464 14.4.5 Postconstruction Care ........................................................................................ 471
14.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 471 References .................................................................................................................................. 472
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) or Superfund [1] de nes brown elds sites as “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant.” According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), brown elds sites are abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination [2]. Concerns about liability, cost, and potential health risks associated with brown elds sites often prompt businesses to migrate to “green elds” outside the city. Left behind are communities burdened with environmental contamination, declining property values, and increased unemployment.
