ABSTRACT
When an image is received or transmitted, a variety of factors will inevitably affect it or interfer with it so that the original specification of the image cannot be retained. As a result, image preprocessing, which includes smoothing, enhancement, and restoration, is needed before one can use the image. The main objective of enhancement is to process an image in such a way that the resulting image becomes more suitable for research purposes and other applications than the original. However, the goal of restoration is to reconstruct or recover an image or part of an image that has been degraded or distorted compared to the original.
