ABSTRACT
Urethral function is an essential part of the continence mechanism. Its failure leads to what is so-called intrinsic sphincteric deficiency or ISD. The term intrinsic suggests that several factors may be responsible for the failed sphincteric function, some of them are structural (e.g., muscular, mucosal, or fascial) others functional (e.g., nerve receptors, neurotransmitters, or hormone sensitive cells) in nature. Detailed pathophysiology of this condition in male and female has been described in Chapter 12.
