ABSTRACT
Machining is still one of the most important techniques for shaping metallic and nonmetallic components. During machining, the cutting tool exerts a force on the WP as it removes the machining allowance in the form of chips. Empirical values for estimating the cutting forces are no longer suf cient to reliably establish the optimum machining conditions. Depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed, WP materials, tool material and geometry, and cutting uid are just a few of the machining parameters governing the amplitude and direction of the cutting force.
