ABSTRACT
During recent decades, engineering materials have been greatly developed. The cutting speed and the MRR when machining such materials using traditional methods like turning, milling, grinding, and so on tend to fall. In many cases, it is impossible to machine hard materials to certain shapes using these traditional methods. Sometimes, it is necessary to machine alloy steel components of high strength in a hardened condition. It is no longer possible to nd tool materials that are suf ciently hard to cut at economical speeds, such as hardened steels, austenitic steels, nimonic, carbides, ceramics, and ber-reinforced composite materials. The traditional methods are unsuitable to machine such materials economically and there is no possibility that they can be further developed to do so, because most of these materials are harder than the materials available for use as cutting tools.
