ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 137 Systems for Spacecraft .......................................................................................... 138 Introduction to Payloads ........................................................................................ 139 Space Mission Types .............................................................................................. 140 Probes ..................................................................................................................... 146 Rovers .................................................................................................................... 147 Stations ................................................................................................................... 149 Lunar or Planet-Based Habitat ............................................................................... 151 Solar Sails .............................................................................................................. 151 In atables ............................................................................................................... 151 Balloons (Titan and Mars) ..................................................................................... 152 Technology Developments .................................................................................... 152 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 153 References .............................................................................................................. 153
The raw data necessary to support archaeological and heritage research comes from the artifacts of the systems designed, built, and operated by engineers on Earth. Basic understanding of the functional decomposition of these systems, the design principles for the components contained within, and the construction of these devices is essential to establishing the framework for study in this area. This chapter will present general system decomposition for space vehicles and the sensor payloads that they host across the spectrum of space applications. This includes an overview of both robotic and crewed systems in the near-Earth environment (e.g., terrestrial weather, navigation, terrestrial Earth sensing, communications, space shuttle, and space station) and robotic systems in the deep space environment (e.g., planetary exploration, space weather, remote sensing, and lunar landing). This review of the space segment includes a discussion of physical characteristics, construction, function, and material properties of deployed systems that will provide a basis for future artifact identi cation and
cataloging. From the earliest times, humankind has looked to the sky and anthropomorphic behavior to all objects seen above. It is a tting place to start our discussion of all human-created objects above in terms of the same personi cation. Along these lines, it is easy and entertaining to equate the fundamental elements of all spacecraft to the human body model. At some level all spacecraft are robots, either semiautonomous or autonomous. A spacecraft has a bus (skeleton and skin), a power system (heart), a control system (brain), the ability to sense (eyes and ears), and the ability to transmit (voice). Layers of sophistication may be added relative to controls.
