ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 530 Overview of the Radiation Environment ............................................................... 530
Space Radiation Environments ..................................................................... 530 Trapped Populations ......................................................................... 531 Transient Populations ....................................................................... 533
Atmospheric Environment ............................................................................ 533 Trapped Radiation Belts ......................................................................................... 533 Earth’s Van Allen Belts .......................................................................................... 534 Beginnings of the Radiation Belt Modeling Program ............................................ 535 Trapped Particle Model Development: 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s .......................... 536 Star sh Exoatmospheric, High-Altitude Nuclear Weapon Test ............................. 536 Storm Belts: The CRRES Mission ......................................................................... 538 European Space Agency Model Improvements .....................................................540 Radiation Belt Models with Improved Time Resolution ....................................... 541 Trapped Radiation at Other Planets ....................................................................... 543 Measurements of the Grand Tour Mission .............................................................544 Solar Proton Event Model Development ...............................................................544
