ABSTRACT
Program Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 10.11 Electrokinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
10.11.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 10.11.2 Site Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 10.11.3 Applicability and Demonstration Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 10.11.4 Performance and Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 10.11.5 Summary of Electrokinetic Remediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10.12 Phytoremediation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 10.12.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 10.12.2 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 10.12.3 Performance and Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 10.12.4 Summary of Phytoremediation Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
10.13 Use of Treatment Trains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 10.14 Cost Ranges of Remedial Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Metals account for much of the contamination found at hazardous waste sites. They are present in the soil and groundwater at approximately 65% of the Superfund or CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act)1 sites for which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has signed records of decisions (RODs).2 The metals most frequently identifi ed are lead, arsenic, chromium, cadmium, nickel, and zinc. Other metals often identifi ed as contaminants include copper and mercury. In addition to the Superfund program, metals make up a signifi cant portion of the contamination requiring remediation under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)3 and contamination present at federal facilities, notably those that are the responsibility of the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Energy (DOE).
