ABSTRACT
Expert systems have now been in use for more than 40 years and have spread into nearly all imaginable areas of application. Evolving from the research area of arti- cial intelligence (AI), they can be found today in commercial applications throughout the entire scientic and technical areas. We have seen that this technology is not just stand-alone software but is supported by many technologies from mathematics, cheminformatics, bioinformatics, AI, and related areas.
