VERRUCOUS PLAQUES

Bleomycin JAAD 33:851-852, 1995 Halogenoderma – iodides – nasal congestion, conjunctivitis, and a range of systemic symptoms or bromides with weakness, restlessness, headache, ataxia, and personality changes; both produce vegetative nodules or plaques often studded with pustules; in iododerma, the verrucous plaques are often closer to the eye, and in bromoderma, they are below the eye Insulin – acanthosis nigricans-like changes due to insulin injections AD 122:1054-1056, 1986 Lichen planus-like drug eruption

Exogenous calcium from EEG paste Ped Derm 15:27-30, 1998; Neurology 15:477-480, 1965

Actinomycosis – cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, primary cutaneous, and pelvic AIDS – neutrophilic dermatosis of AIDS JAAD 31:1045-1047, 1994 Alternariosis BJD 145:484-486, 2001; Clin Inf Dis 32:1178-1187, 2001; Alternaria alternata AD 141:1171-1173, 2005; Alternaria jenuissima – ulcerated verrucous nodule BJD 142:840-841, 2000

Bartonellosis – verruga peruana; bacillary angiomatosis Tyring p.228, 2002 Bipolaris – verrucous plaque of nasal conchae J Med Vet Mycol 24:461-465, 1986 Blastomycosis-like pyoderma (pyoderma vegetans) – crusted or verrucous plaques which may weep, ulcerate or clear centrally, often involve the flexures, and do not respond to antibiotics alone despite the regular presence of Staphylococcus aureus or group A streptococci JAAD 20:691-693, 1989 Botryomycosis – usually on the limbs, reported on the trunk, face, and perianal area; causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Actinobacillus lignieresii, alpha hemolytic streptococcus, Propionibacterium acnes, Serratia marcescens, Peptostreptococcus, Moraxella non-liquefaciens, Neisseria spp. JAMA 123:339-341, 1943; JAAD 24:393-396, 1991; due to Moraxella non-liquifaciens Cutis 43:140-142, 1989 Candidal granuloma – chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis JAAD 21:1309-1310, 1989; Annu Rev Med 32:491-497, 1981 Chromomycosis – feet, legs, arms, face and neck; common causative organisms include Phialophora verrucosa, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, F. compactum, Wangiella dermatitidus and Cladosporium carrionii, Rhinocladiella cerphilum and Aureobasidium pullulans; large pigmented round thick walled bodies with septation in two planes (muriform cells) AD 141:1457-1462, 2005; BJD 152:560-564, 2005; AD 133:1027-1032, 1997; BJD 96:454-458, 1977; AD 104:476-485, 1971 Coccidioidomycosis JAAD 46:743-747, 2002; AD 134:365-370, 1998 Condyloma acuminata Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.218, 2001; Rook p.3184, 1998, Sixth Edition Cryptococcosis AD 112:1734-1740, 1976; BJD 74:43-49, 1962; coexistent cryptococcosis and Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS Cutis 41:159-162, 1988 Cytomegalovirus – verrucous plaques occur in patients with AIDS; retinitis and colitis in HIV patients Dermatology 200:189-195, 2000; JAAD 38:349-351, 1998; JAAD 27:943-950, 1992; AD 125:1243-1246, 1989 Ecthyma (RPC-like) Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Caputo p.126, 2000; BJD 121:463-469, 1989; Arch Dermatol Res 278:153-160, 1985 Erythrasma – disciform erythrasma Exophiala jeanselmei (phaeohyphomycosis) – subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis refers to cyst-like or encapsulated subcutaneous nodular abscesses JAAD 13:877-881, 1985 Filariasis Fusarium solanae – granulomatous hyalohyphomycosis due to Fusarium solanae AD 127:1735-1737, 1991 Granuloma inguinale (Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) – pleomorphic non-motile Gram-negative bacillus; 3-6% have extragenital lesions on the nose, lips, or extremities. Herpes simplex virus Tyring p.87,312, 2002; acyclovir-resistant JAAD 17:875-880, 1987; herpes simplex and tinea nodule in AIDS JAAD 16:1151-1154, 1987; hyperkeratotic plaques of chronic HSV may also be culture positive for other organisms including Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and Candida Herpes zoster – chronic disseminated lesions in AIDS Tyring p.132,314, 2002 Histoplasmosis – fever, cough, and skin lesions in the HIV-positive patient Int J Derm 30:104-108, 1991; JAAD 23:422-428, 1990 Kerion Ped Derm 21:444-447, 2004

Leishmaniasis – verrucous form of legs; BJD 151:1165-1171, 2004; JAAD 51:S125-128, 2004; JAAD 48:893-896, 2003; JAAD 27:227-231, 1992; leishmaniasis recidivans (lupoid leishmaniasis) – brown-red or brown-yellow papules close to scar of previously healed lesion; resemble lupus vulgaris; may ulcerate or form concentric rings; keloidal form, extensive psoriasiform dermatitis Rook p.1414, 1998, Sixth Edition; espundia (mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) – facial edema, erythema, verrucous plaques, dermatitis, edema of lips Rook p.1418, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Trop Med Hyg 59:49-52, 1998; post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis BJD 143:136-143, 2000 Leprosy BJD 131:747-748, 1994; Ind J Lepr 64:183-187, 1992 Lobomycosis Int J Derm. 32:324-332, 1993 Malignant pyoderma Molluscum contagiosum in AIDS JAAD 27:943-950, 1992 Mycetoma

Fungi Cladophialophora bantiana JAAD 52:S114-117, 2005 Exophiala jeanselmei Madurella mycetomatis M. grisea (New World) Leptosphaeria senegalensis Pyronochaeta romeroi Curvularia lunulata Pseudoallescheria boydii Neotestudina rosatii Acremonium spp. Fusarium spp. Dermatophytes

Aerobic actinomycetes Actinomadura madurae A. pelletieri Streptomyces somalensis (Sudan and Middle East) Nocardia brasiliensis N. asteroides (Central America and Mexico) N. otitidis caviarum

Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberculosis verrucosa cutis; hand (prosector’s wart), knees, ankles, buttocks; serpiginous outline with finger-like projections; central involution and scarring; purplish, red, brown; occasional psoriasiform plaque or keloidal, crusting and exudation; infiltrated papillomatous excrescences; deep papillomatous and sclerotic forms Ped Derm 18:393-395, 2001; Clin Exp Dermatol 13:211-220, 1988 Atypical mycobacterial infection, including Mycobacterium marinum JAAD 24:208-215, 1991; AD 134:365-370, 1998; M. kansasii JAAD 40:359-363, 1999; JAAD 16:1122-1128, 1987; JAAD 36:497-499, 1997 Nocardiosis North American blastomycosis – Mississippi valley; central Kentucky is endemic area; wood debris or soil close to rivers; primary cutaneous, pulmonary, and disseminated forms AD 136:547, 550, 2000; Cutis 58:402-404, 1996 Orf – papillomatous stage Tyring p.54, 2002 Paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) Tyring p.342, 2002; near mouth, anus, or genitalia J Clin Inf Dis 23:1026-1032, 1996 Phaeohyphomycosis – verrucous nodule JAAD 33:309-311, 1995; Derm Clinics 17:151-185, 1999; Alternaria alternata AD 137:815-820, 2001; subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis – Exophiala jeanselmei, Wangiella, Cladosporium, Bipolaris, Alternaria AD 138:973-978, 2002; inoculation phaeohyphomycosis Pinta

Protothecosis JAAD 31:920-924, 1994; BJD 146:688-693, 2002 Pyoderma Scabies – crusted scabies – first described in 1848 by Danielssen and Boeck in Norway; seen in patients after renal transplants, with systemic vasculitis, Down’s syndrome, collagen vascular disease, corticosteroids (systemic or topical), on immunosuppressive therapy, lymphoreticular malignancy, tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia, parkinsonism, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes and malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency, Kaposi’s sarcoma, and AIDS Clin Exp Dermatol 17 (5):339-341, 1992; Cutis 43:325-329, 1989 Schistosomal granuloma, seen especially around vulva and anus Derm Clinics 17:151-185, 1999 Serratia marcescens Cutis 66:461-463, 2000 Sporotrichosis JAAD 52:451-459, 2005; fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis Derm Clinics 17:151-185, 1999; JAAD 25:928-932, 1991, AD 122:413-417, 1986 Ped Derm 3:311-314, 1986 Syphilis – condyloma lata in toe webs Cutis 57:38-40, 1996; nodular secondary syphilis AD 113:1027-1032, 1997; annular verrucous perianal dermatitis in secondary syphilis BJD 152:1343-1345, 2005; malignant secondary syphilis; tertiary lues (gumma) – nodules (arcuate and circinate, psoriasiform, granuloma annulare-like, serpiginous noduloulcerative), gummas (which result in punched out ulcers), gummatous infiltration of the tongue, perforation of the hard palate, destruction of the uvula Tinea corporis, including invasive Trichophyton rubrum infection Tungiasis – verrucous plaque BJD 144:118-124, 2001 Tyzzer’s disease (Bacillus piliformis) – papules JAAD 34:343-348, 1996 Varicella – chronic varicella zoster in AIDS Clin Exp Derm 24:346-353, 1999; JAAD 28:306-308, 1993; JAAD 27:943-950, 1992 Verrucae vulgaris AD 140:13-14, 2004; Tyring p.260, 2002; JAAD 43:340-343, 2000; Cutis 63:91-94, 1999; JAAD 36:850-852, 1997; large verrucae in selective IgM deficiency, immunoglobulin deficiency with hyper-IgM; condyloma acuminata Yaws (mother yaw) – Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue; 10-13 µm long by 0.15 µm wide; replicate in 30 hours; nonvenereal; transmitted by skin contact; primarily in children; primary lesions on feet, legs, and buttocks; Africa, Asia, South and Central America, and Pacific Islands JAAD 29:519-535, 1993; Cutis 38:303-305, 1986

Amyloidosis – lichen amyloidosis Rook p.2628-2630, 1998, Sixth Edition Osteoma cutis – congenital plate-like osteoma cutis Ped Derm 10:182-186, 1993; AD 69:613-615, 1954 Verrucous (verruciform) xanthoma – normolipemic; most commonly on mucosal surfaces; may be multifocal or associated with lymphedema; seen in CHILD syndrome and with ILVEN; may be a non-X histiocytosis; scrotum, penis, vulva, anogenital area, sacrum, digits, and on lymphedematous extremity AD 138:689-694, 2002; JAAD 27:1021-1023, 1992; Am J Surg Pathol 22:479-487, 1998; AD 118:686-691, 1982; of glans penis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.80, 1998; Cutis 51:369-372, 1993; verruciform xanthoma – of the scrotum BJD 150:161-163, 2004 Xanthoma disseminatum (Montgomery’s syndrome) – red-yellow-brown papules and nodules of flexural surfaces, trunk, face, proximal extremities and oral mucosa; become

confluent into xanthomatous plaques; verrucous plaques NEJM 338:1138-1143, 1998; JAAD 23:341-346, 1990; AD Syphilol 37:373-402, 1938

Cytophagic histiocytic panniculitis (nodule) AD 121:910-913, 1985 Mucinous syringometaplasia (papules) – mimics plantar wart or verruca vulgaris; metaplastic mucin containing cells lining glandular structures JAAD 11:503-508, 1984 Pseudoverrucous peristomal dermatitis (urostomy) – skin surrounding urostomy site may be normal, or may show erythematous-erosive lesions or pseudoverrucous lesions JAAD 19:623-628, 1988 Pyoderma gangrenosum Pyoderma vegetans – vegetating tissue reaction with localized bacterial infection in immune compromised patient; associated with ulcerative colitis, defective cellular immunity, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, large cell lymphoma, alcoholism; Staphylococcus aureus or beta hemolytic Streptococcus common JAAD 20:691-693, 1989 Rosai-Dorfman disease (sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy) – verrucous plaques with satellite lesions JAAD 51:931-939, 2004; Semin Diagn Pathol 7:19-73, 1990 Sarcoidosis AD 133:882-888, 1997; AD 102:665-669, 1970; mimicking hypertrophic lichen planus Int J Derm 28:539-541, 1989 Superficial granulomatous pyoderma AD 136:1263-1268, 2000; JAAD 18:11-21, 1988 Toxic epidermal necrolysis – healing with verrucous hyperplasia BJD 149:1082-1083, 2003

Calcinosis cutis – overlying verrucous changes Rook p.2370, 1998, Sixth Edition Thyroid acropachy Pretibial myxedema JAAD 46:723-726, 2002

Acrosyringeal epidermolytic papulosis neviformis Dermatologica 171:122-125, 1985 Actinic keratosis Adnexal tumors Anal intraepithelial neoplasia – verrucous perianal hyperpigmented patches, white and/or red plaques JAAD 52:603-608, 2005 Anogenital carcinoma BJD 143:1217-1223, 2000 Basal cell carcinoma Bowen’s disease – of the foot AD 123:1517-1520, 1987; of both feet BJD 151:227-228, 2004 Clear cell acanthoma Collagenome perforans verruciforme – may occur in scars; transepidermal elimination disorder; other trans-epidermal elimination disorders include calcinosis cutis, chondrodermatitis nodularis chronicis helicis, reactive perforating collagenosis, elastosis perforans serpiginosa, granuloma annulare, perforating folliculitis, blastomycosis, chromomycosis, botryomycosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis AD 122:1044-1046, 1986 Connective tissue nevus – mimicking epidermal nevus JAAD 16:264-266, 1987; purplish verrucous plantar plaque BJD 146:164-165, 2002

Dermatofibroma Ecrine angiomatous hamartoma BJD 141:167-169, 1999; Dermatologica 143:100-104, 1971 Eccrine dermal duct tumor Eccrine poroma Eccrine porocarcinoma (porocarcinoma) BJD 152:1051-1055, 2005; JAAD 49:S252-254, 2003; JAAD 27:306-311, 1992 Eccrine syringofibroadenoma (acrosyringeal hamartoma) – tapioca pudding-like or mosaic surface; multiple lesions associated with hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; ESFA associated with other tumors – papillary syringoadenoma, clear cell acanthoma, verrucous eccrine poroma JAAD 41:650-651, 1999; JAAD 36:569-576, 1997; AD 126:945-949, 1990 Epidermal nevus Caputo p.118, 2000; Ped Derm 16:211-213, 1999; JAAD 41:824-826, 1999 Epidermoid cyst Erythroplasia of Queyrat JAAD 37:1-24, 1997 Fibroepithelioma of Pinkus AD 134:861-866, 1998 Granular cell tumor (nodule) Cutis 69:343-346, 2002; Cutis 62:147-148, 1998; Cutis 43:548-550, 1989 Hidroacanthoma simplex – extremities J Cutan Pathol 21:274-279, 1994 Infundibulocystic hyperplasia – hyperkeratotic lichen planus-like reactions combined with infundibulocystic hyperplasia AD 140:1262-1267, 2004 ILVEN – inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus J Dermatol 26:599-602, 1999; AD 133:567-568, 1997 Intraepidermal pilar epithelioma JAAD 18:123-132, 1988; Cutis 37:339-341, 1986 Kaposi’s sarcoma – verrucous nodules and plaques Tyring p.223,376, 2002; hyperkeratotic Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS with massive lymphedema BJD 142:501-505, 2000; JAAD 38:143-175, 1998 Keratoacanthoma – giant type, multiple keratoacanthomas; keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum Cutis 73:257-262, 2004; JAAD 48:282-285, 2003; JAAD 30:1-19, 1994; AD 111:1024-1026, 1975; Hautarzt 13:348-352, 1962 Large cell acanthomas JAAD 8:840-845, 1983 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma AD 140:441-447, 2004; JAAD 46:325-357, 2002; Clin Exp Derm 21:205-208, 1996; AD 124:655-657, 1988; AD 113:57-60, 1977; Ki+1 (CD30) anaplastic lymphoma AD 136:1559-1564, 2000 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma in discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) AD 124:114-116, 1988 Melanocytic nevus Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.80, 1999; congenital melanocytic Hum Pathol 4:395-418, 1973; inflammatory nevi evolving into halo nevi in children BJD 152:357-360, 2005 Melanoma (verrucous melanoma) Histopathology 23:453-458, 1993; JAAD 24:505-506, 1991; AD 124:1534-1537, 1988; acral lentiginous melanoma JAAD 48:183-188, 2003 Metastatic carcinoma Mucinous nevus BJD 148:1064-1066, 2003 Neurocristic hamartoma – verrucous blue plaque JAAD 49:924-929, 2003 Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple JAAD 46:414-418, 2002 Nevus lipomatosis superficialis Ped Derm 20:313-314, 2003; AD Syphilol 130:327, 1921 Nevus sebaceus Curr Prob Derm 8:137-188, 1996

Pagetoid reticulosis AD 125:402-406, 1989 Two variants: (1) localized – Woringer-Kolopp disease; (2) generalized – Ketron-Goodman disease; intraepidermal large atypical cells expressing CD30 (Ki−1) antigen; small lymphocytes in dermis

Papillomatosis cutis carcinoides Cutis 62:77-80, 1998 Plasmacytoma – extramedullary plasmacytoma JAAD 34:146-148, 1996 Porokeratosis – of Mibelli – hyperkeratotic variant Cutis 72:391-393, 2003; Arch Derm Res 279 Suppl:S38-47, 1987; linear porokeratosis Ped Derm 21:682-683, 2004; perianal inflammatory verrucous porokeratosis (porokeratosis ptychotropica) BJD 140:553-555, 1999 Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus (filiform wart-like lesions) JAAD 43:364-367, 2000; JAAD 24:300-301, 1991; Cutis 46:495-497, 1990; AD 122:892-895, 1986 Seborrheic keratosis – giant lesion mimicking verrucous carcinoma J Dermatol 12:341-343, 1985 Seborrheic keratosis – malignancies arising in seborrheic keratoses include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease), squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, keratoacanthomas, and malignant melanoma AD 127:1738-1739, 1991 Squamous cell carcinoma Rook p.1689, 1998, Sixth Edition; Derm Surg 22:243-254, 1996; associated with human papillomavirus 16, 18 AD 127:1813-1818, 1991; AD 125:666-669, 1989 Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum AD 138:1091-1096, 2002; cauliflower-like verrucous plaque JAAD 45:755-759, 2001; verrucous linear plaque AD 71:361-372, 1955 Vascular and myxoid fibromas of the fingers (papules) Verrucous carcinoma – epithelioma cuniculatum NEJM 352:488, 2005; AD 136:547-548, 550-551, 2000; giant condyloma of Buschke-Lowenstein – penis Rook p.3184, 1998, Sixth Edition; groin or perianal Cutis 24:203-206,209, 1979; oral florid papillomatosis JAAD 32:1-21, 1995; JAAD 14:947-950, 1986; Int J Derm 18:608-622, 1979; sacrum BJD 143:459-460, 2000; of leg amputation stump Dermatologica 182:193-195, 1991 Verrucous cyst Eur J Dermatol 8:186-188, 1998

Acanthosis nigricans BJD 153:667-668, 2005 Bazex syndrome Florid cutaneous papillomatosis – palmar Rook p.1555, 1998 Sixth Edition Keratoacanthoma visceral carcinoma syndrome – cancers of the genitourinary tract AD 139:1363-1368, 2003; AD 120:123-124, 1984 Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia – periorbital site most common, but multiple lesions always present; ulceration common; central clearing and atrophy; IgG-kappa most common, then IgG-lambda; mucous membrane, lung, myocardial lesions, and associated lymphoreticular malignancy AD 128:94-100, 1992 Paraneoplastic pemphigus JAAD 39:876-871, 1998

Acanthosis nigricans Acral mucinous syringometaplasia – associated with verrucous hyperplasia Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:248-249, 1986

Adolescent onset ichthyosiform erythroderma – verrucous rippling BJD 144:1063-1066, 2001 Atopic dermatitis Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis Darier’s disease (keratosis follicularis) Clin Dermatol 19:193-205, 1994; JAAD 27:40-50, 1992; of foot Caputo p.124, 2000 Epidermolysis bullosa pruriginosa – mild acral blistering at birth or early childhood; violaceous papular and nodular lesions in linear array on shins, forearms, trunk; lichenified hypertrophic and verrucous plaques in adults BJD 130:617-625, 1994 Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis – overlying bony prominences, scalp, nipples Rook p.1506, 1998, Sixth Edition Erythema elevatum diutinum JAAD 50:652-653, 2004 Granular parakeratosis (axillary (or submammary) granular hyperkeratosis) (axillary granular parakeratosis) AD 137:1241-1246, 2001; JAAD 40:813-814, 1999; JAAD 39:495-496, 1998; JAAD 33:373-375, 1995; JAAD 37:789-790, 1997; JAAD 24:541-544, 1991 Hailey-Hailey disease – genital papules JAAD 26:951-955, 1992 Hyperkeratosis of the nipple (hyperkeratosis areolae mammae) JAAD 41:274-276, 1999; AD 113:1691-1692, 1977 Kyrle’s disease – chronic scattered generalized papules with hyperkeratotic cone shaped plugs; chronic genetically determined disorder JAAD 16:117-123, 1987 Keratosis lichenoides chronica JAAD 49:511-513, 2003; BJD 144:422-424, 2001; AD 129:914-915, 1993; AD 105:739-743, 1972 Lichen myxedematosus Lichen planus – hypertrophic lichen planus AD 139:933-938, 2003; Rook p.1904-1912, 1998, Sixth Edition Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus JAAD 38:831-833, 1998 Lichen simplex chronicus, including giant lichenification of Pautrier – genitocrural lichenification with solid tumorous plaques with verrucous cribriform surface AD Syphilol 39:1012-1020, 1939 Lichen striatus Malignant pyoderma – rare potentially lethal disease characterized by necrotizing pyodermatous ulcers predominantly involving the face, neck, and upper trunk with a predilection for the preauricular areas; malignant pyoderma is distinct from pyoderma gangrenosum with an unrelenting destructive progression if untreated, a different clinical distribution, an earlier age of onset, a lack of deeply undermined necrotic borders, and the lack of association with any underlying diseases Int J Derm 26:42, 1987 Necrolytic acral erythema – serpiginous, verrucous plaques of dorsal aspects of hands, legs; associated with hepatitis C infection JAAD 50:S121-124, 2004 Palmoplantar keratodermas Perianal pseudoverrucous papules and nodules in children – perianal hypertrophic plaques Cutis 67:335-338, 2001; AD 128:240-242, 1992 Periumbilical pseudoxanthoma elasticum – verrucous plaque JAAD 39:338-344, 1998; South Med J 84:788-789, 1991 Prurigo nodularis Pseudo-acanthosis nigricans Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis Cutis 35:77-79, 1985; Bull Soc Fr Dermatolog Syphiligr 68:164-167, 1961 Psoriasis, elephantine, rupioid Rook p.1598-1599, 1998, Sixth Edition Superficial vegetating pyoderma

Symmetric progressive erythrokeratoderma Urostomy site – pseudoverrucous peristomal lesions – warty papules at mucocutaneous junction Rook p.930, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 19:623-632, 1988 Verrucous hyperplasia of the stump Terra firme (dermatosis neglecta) AD 135:728-729, 1999

Factitial cheilitis – cobblestoned lips Ped Derm 16:12-15, 1999

CHILD syndrome – with verruciform xanthoma Ped Derm 15:360-366, 1998 Cobb’s syndrome (cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis) – segmental port wine stain and vascular malformation of the spinal cord AD 113:1587-1590, 1977; NEJM 281:1440-1444, 1969; Ann Surg 62:641-649, 1915; port wine stain may be keratotic Dermatologica 163:417-425, 1981; angiokeratoma-like lesions Cutis 71:283-287, 2003; with verrucous angioma Dermatologica 163:417-425, 1981 Ectodermal dysplasias Epidermodysplasia verruciformis Gall-Galli syndrome – Dowling-Degos disease with acantholysis – hyperkeratotic follicular papules JAAD 45:760-763, 2001 Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) (papule) – X-linked dominant, possible autosomal dominant; terminal deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome; cutaneous, musculoskeletal (80%), ocular (80%), and oral abnormalities; hypoplastic and atrophic skin changes, linear and reticulated hypo and hyperpigmentation, lipomatous lesions, periorificial and mucous membrane papillomas and telangiectasias; xerosis, photosensitivity, nail changes, alopecia, sparse brittle hair; musculoskeletal involvement includes syndactyly, hypoplastic or absent digits, asymmetry of the body, scoliosis, hand and foot bony anomalies; ocular changes include colobomas, microphthalmia, strabismus, nystagmus, lens subluxation; oral anomalies include enamel defects, dysplastic teet, irregular spacing, agenesis of teeth, oral papillomas, microdontia, high arched palate JAAD 28:839-843, 1993 Hyper-IgE syndrome (Buckley’s syndrome) Incontinentia pigmenti – X-linked dominant. Xp28 or Xp11.21 locations; progressive persistent verrucous plaques; skin lesions present in 50% at birth and in 90% by 2 weeks of life; dental abnormalities in two-thirds of patients, ocular in 25-35%, and CNS defects in one-third JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; AD 124:29-30, 1988 ; verrucous subungual lesions Dermatol 191 (2):161-163, 1995; AD 122:1431-1434, 1986; linear warty lesions of palms in late incontinentia pigmenti BJD 143:1102-1103, 2000 Keratosis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome (KID syndrome) Ped Derm 15:219-221, 1998 Keratosis lichenoides chronica Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber – angiokeratomas; epidermal nevi BJD 123:539, 1990 Lipoid proteinosis (Urbach-Wiethe disease) – autosomal recessive; yellow verrucous plaques and nodules on extensor surfaces; asymptomatic visceral involvement of multiple organs; extracellular hyaline-like material in dermis; PAS positive and diastase resistant; probably represents glycoproteins and/or proteoglycan complexes BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID

120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; JAAD 39:149-171, 1998; Ped Derm 14:22-25, 1997; JAAD 21:599-601, 605, 1989 Mal de Meleda – keratotic (verrucous) plaques of the elbows AD 136:1247-1252, 2000 McCune-Albright syndrome – epidermal nevi Eur J Pediatr 154:102-104, 1995 Netherton’s syndrome – flexural verrucous hypertrophy Olmsted syndrome (nose and lips) – congenital palmoplantar and periorificial keratoderma which improves in adolescence; linear keratoses in flexures; keratosis pilaris-like lesions; leukokeratosis of the tongue; alopecia, onychodystrophy, anhidrosis of palms and soles; missing premolar; hyperlaxity of the joints Ped Derm 21:603-605, 2004; Ped Derm 20:323-326, 2003; BJD 136:935-938, 1997; AD 132:797-800, 1996; AD 131:738-739, 1995; JAAD 10:600-610, 1984 Pachyonychia congenita Ped Derm 14:491-493, 1997 Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica – coexistence of an organoid nevus (epidermal nevus) and a contralateral segmental lentiginous or papular speckled lentiginous nevus Dermatology 194:77-79, 1997 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis – port wine stain, oculocutaneous (dermal and scleral) melanosis, CNS manifestations; type I – port wine stain and linear epidermal nevus; type II – port wine stain and dermal melanocytosis; type III – port wine stain and nevus spilus; type IV – port wine stain, dermal melanocytosis, and nevus spilus J Dermatol 26:834-836, 1999; AD 121:651-653, 1985 Proteus syndrome – epidermal nevi, port wine stains, subcutaneous hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, lymphangioma circumscriptum, hemihypertrophy of the face, limbs, trunk; macrodactyly, cerebriform hypertrophy of palmar and/or plantar surfaces, macrocephaly JAAD 52:834-838, 2005; AD 140:947-953, 2004; AD 137:219-224, 2001, sebaceous nevi with hyper-or hypopigmentation Am J Med Genet 27:99-117, 1987; vascular nevi, soft subcutaneous masses; lipodystrophy, café au lait macules, linear and whorled macular pigmentation Arch Fr Pediatr 47:441-444, 1990 (French); Am J Med Genet 27:87-97, 1987; Pediatrics 76:984-989, 1985; Eur J Pediatr 140:5-12, 1998 Reiter’s syndrome – keratoderma blenorrhagicum; soles, pretibial areas, dorsal toes, feet, fingers, hands, nails, scalp Rook p.2765-2766, 1998; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) – autosomal recessive; photodistributed poikiloderma with juvenile cataracts, short stature, absent or shortened digits, partial or total alopecia, defects of nails and teeth, hypogonadism, triangular face, verrucous hyperkeratoses of hands, feet, knees, and elbows Ped Derm 8:58-60, 1991; JAAD 17:332-338, 1987 Sjögren-Larsson syndrome – verrucous hyperkeratosis of flexures, neck, and periumbilical folds; mental retardation, spastic diplegia, short stature, kyphoscoliosis, retinal changes, yellow pigmentation, intertrigo – deficiency of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase Chem Biol Interact 130-132:297-307, 2001; Am J Hum Genet 65:1547-1560, 1999; JAAD 35:678-684, 1996

Arsenical keratosis Foreign body granuloma

Verrucous hyperplasia of the amputation stump AD 74:448-449, 1956

Angiokeratomas Angiokeratoma coroporis diffusum with normal enzyme activities AD 140:353-358, 2004 Angiosarcoma Histopathology 32:556-561, 1998 Arteriovenous malformation Chylous reflux – from dilated chylous vesicles (lymphatics); yellow/cream-colored verrucous plaques Rook p.2296, 1998, Sixth Edition Elephantiasis verrucosa nostra Cutis 62:77-80, 1998; Int J Derm 20:177-187, 1981 Fibroangioma – digital verrucous fibroangioma – verrucous papule Acta DV 72:303-304, 1992 Glomus tumor, plaque type BJD 127:411-416, 1992; J Dermatol 17:423-428, 1990 Hemangioma – cutaneous keratotic hemangioma AD 132:703-708, 1996; verrucous hemangioma AD 132:703-708, 1996; Int J Surg Pathol 2:171-176, 1995; J Derm Surg Oncol 13:1089-1092, 1987; Ped Derm 2:191-193, 1985; AD 96:247-253, 1967; linear JAAD 42:516-518, 2000 Lymphatic malformations – localized microcystic lymphatic malformations Ped Derm 16:423-429, 199 Lymphangioma circumscriptum – blue-black Rook p.2292, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 83:519-527, 1970; acquired lymphangioma (lymphangiectasia) – due to scarring processes such as recurrent infections, radiotherapy, scrofuloderma, scleroderma, keloids, tumors, tuberculosis, repeated trauma BJD 132:1014-1016, 1996 Lymphedema, congenital (Milroy’s disease), lymphedema praecox, lymphedema tarda Lymphostasis verrucosa cutis (chronic lymphedema, multiple causes) – brawny edema with overlying hyperkeratosis Rook p.2285, 1998, Sixth Edition Pigmented purpuric eruption – lichenoid pigmented purpuric eruption Pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma due to arteriovenous fistula (Stewart-Bluefarb syndrome) – ulcerated purple plaque Ped Derm 18:325-327, 2001; AD 121:1038-1040, 1985 Pyogenic granuloma Stasis dermatitis Vasculitis

Allergic contact dermatitis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Angioedema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Lupus erythematosus – hypertrophic discoid lupus erythematosus Pemphigus vegetans

Congenital labial hypertrophy Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.111, 1998

Fixed drug eruption Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.163, 1998

Abscess – Bartholin’s duct; vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Actinomycosis – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Amebiasis – vegetating plaque of genitalia, perineum, and anus Derm Clinics 17:151-185, 1999; vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Bejel – condylomata Rook p.1256-1257, 1998, Sixth Edition Candidiasis – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Cellulitis (streptococcal) – chronic edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.222-224, 1998 Chronic infection – lymphedema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.222-223, 1998 Condylomata acuminata Tyring p.262, 2002; Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.128-130, 1998 Filariasis – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Granuloma inguinale – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Herpes simplex virus – rapidly growing giant genital mass BJD 149:216-217, 2003 Leishmaniasis Lymphogranuloma venereum – esthiomene – scarring and fistulae of the buttocks and thighs with elephantiasic lymphedema of the vulva Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.147,224, 1998; Int J Dermatol 15:26-33, 1976 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 North American blastomycosis – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Rhinosporidiosis – vascular nodules; may resemble condylomata Rook p.1360, 1998, Sixth Edition; Arch Otolaryngol 102:308-312, 1976 Schistosoma haematobium – verrucous lesion AD 138:1245-1250, 2002; Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 79:213-216, 1998; vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Syphilis – secondary (condyloma lata); tertiary Yaws – secondary (daughter yaws, pianomas, framboesiomas) – small papules which ulcerate, become crusted; resemble raspberries; periorificial (around mouth, nose, penis, anus, vulva); extend peripherally (circinate yaws) Rook p.1268-1271, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 29:519-535, 1993

Amyloidosis Mastocytosis Ped Derm 22:556-557, 2005 Verruciform xanthoma Am J Clin Path 71:224-228, 1979 Vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis – vegetating tumor JAAD 19:947-950, 1988 Xanthoma disseminatum JAAD 25:433-436, 1991

Crohn’s disease (vulvitis granulomatosa) – vulvar swelling; bilateral or unilateral Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.162,222,224, 1998; JAAD 36:697-704, 1997; Int J Gynecol Pathol 14:352-359, 1995 Hidradenitis suppurativa Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.166,224, 1998; J Reprod Med 36:113-117, 1991 Pyostomatitis vegetans BJD 149:181-184, 2003

Calcinosis cutis – vaginal nodules due to urinary incontinence BJD 150:169-171, 2004 Masculinization Pregnancy – vulvar edema due to lymphatic obstruction Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Pseudo-masculinization Plast Reconstr Surg 68:787-788, 1981 Virilizing tumors

Acrochordon Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.197, 1998 Androgen-producing tumors – clitoromegaly Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.111, 1998 Bowen’s disease Ann DV 109:811-812, 1982; Cancer 14:318-329, 1961 Bowenoid papulosis Rook p.3234, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 29:644-646, 1993 Epidermal inclusion cyst – due to genital mutilation Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.118, 1998; clitoral hypertrophy Epidermal nevus Ped Derm 17:1-6, 2000 Erythroplasia of Queyrat Rook p.3202, 1998, Sixth Edition Extramammary Paget’s disease Obstet Gynecol 39:735-744, 1972 Giant cell fibroblastoma (congenital) – vulvar hypertrophy Ped Derm 18:255-257, 2001 Granular cell tumor – cobblestoning of vulva Ped Derm 10:153-5, 1993 Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) Ped Derm 17:1-6, 2000 Leiomyomas – clitoral hypertrophy J Iowa Med Soc 63:535-538, 1973 Lipoma Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.204, 1998 Lymphoma, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Malignant granular cell schwannoma Melanocytic nevus – giant congenital melanocytic nevus (bulky perineal nevocytoma) JAAD 53:S139-142, 2005; Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.207, 1998 Melanoma Rook p.1746, 1998, Sixth Edition Metastases Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.219, 1998; lymphangiectasis secondary to intralymphatic metastases Nevus sebaceus Pelvic tumor with lymphatic obstruction Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998

Sebaceous gland hypertrophy of labia minora Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.104, 1998; Rook p.3205, 1998, Sixth Edition Seborrheic keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Tyring p.268, 2002; metastatic epidermotrophic squamous cell carcinoma of vagina JAAD 11:353-356, 1984; squamous cell carcinoma in situ Derm Surg 21:890-894, 1995 Verrucous carcinoma – giant condylomata of Buschke and Lowenstein Cutis 21:207-211, 1978 Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.212-213, 1998

Acantholytic dermatosis of the vulvo-crural area – vulvar papules, cobblestoning of the vulva and thighs Cutis 67:217-219, 2001 Acanthosis nigricans Rook p.3206, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 31:1-19, 1994 Benign hypertrophy of the labia minora Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 8:61-64, 1978 Darier’s disease Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.231, 1998; Ped Derm 10:146-148, 1993 Elephantiasis Hailey-Hailey disease – verrucous plaque AD 135:203-208, 1999 Infantile gluteal granuloma Lichen planus – hypertrophic lichen planus Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.189-193, 1998 Lichen simplex chronicus Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.157-158, 1998; J Reprod Med 36:309-311, 1991 Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis – vulvar atrophy Ped Derm 21:538-541, 2004; AD 104:291-298, 1971 Papular acantholytic dyskeratosis Pityriasis rosea Psoriasis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.168, 1998; Rook p.1602, 1998, Sixth Edition Pyoderma vegetans AD 116:1169-1171, 1980 Vulvar papillomatosis – angiofibromas; vestibular papillae; papules Rook p.3216, 1998, Sixth Edition; Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.104, 1998; AD 126:1594-1598, 1990

Lawrence-Seip syndrome (congenital generalized lipodystrophy) – lipoatrophic diabetes – clitoromegaly AD 91:326-334, 1965 Netherton’s syndrome – intertrigenous and perigenital dermatitis, edema, papillomatosis resembling cellulitis; vulvar edema and hypertrophy BJD 131:615-621, 1994 Neurofibromatosis – hypertrophy of clitoral hood Urology 37:337-339, 1991 Steatocystoma multiplex

Physical trauma – vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998

Thermal burn – child abuse; vulvar edema Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.116, 1998 Radiation therapy – lymphatic obstruction Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Surgical trauma – vulvar hematoma, vulvar fissure Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.122, 1998 Vulvar hematoma Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.116, 1998

Hemangiomas Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.200, 1998 Lymphedema Arch Pathol Lab Med 124:1697-1699, 2000; congenital Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.224, 1998 Lymphangiectasia (acquired lymphangioma) – due to scarring processes such as recurrent infections, radiotherapy, scrofuloderma (tuberculous adenitis), tumors, genital Crohn’s disease Rook p.2294-2295, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 132:1014-1016, 1996 Lymphangioma circumscriptum Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.205-206, 1998; acquired vulvar lymphangioma mimicking genital warts J Cutan Pathol 26:150-154, 1999 Varicosity Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.229, 1998

Allergic contact dermatitis – anesthetics (benzocaine), antibiotics (neomycin), antihistamine creams, nail polish, vaginal perfumes, douches, preservatives or active ingredients in topical creams and ointments (parabens, imidazolidinylurea), moisturizers (lanolin), poison ivy, rubber (gloves, condoms, diaphragms), contraceptives, clothing dyes, fragrances in laundry products Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.155, 1998; BJD 126:52-56, 1992; pigmented purpuric clothing dermatitis to disperse dyes Contact Dermatitis 43:360, 2000 Bullous pemphigoid BJD 145:994-997, 2001 Cicatricial pemphigoid Ped Derm 21:51-53, 2004 Food allergy – vaginal itching Ann Allergy 72:546, 1994 Lichenoid reactions with antibodies to desmoplakins I and II – JAAD 48:433-438, 2003 Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.172, 1998; BJD 121:727-741, 1989; systemic lupus erythematosus BJD 121:727-741, 1989 Seasonal allergic disease – vulvar itching J Allergy Clin Immunol 95Z:780-782, 1995

Capecitabine (Xeloda) JAAD 45:790-791, 2001 Corticosteroids – topical corticosteroid withdrawal Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.232, 1998 Enalapril – vaginal itching Ann Intern Med 112:217-222, 1990

Fixed drug eruption Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.163, 1998 Toxic epidermal necrolysis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.184, 1998

Irritant contact dermatitis – bubble baths in children, soap, detergents, fabric softener, feminine hygiene products, chemicals, deodorant sprays, friction, thermal damage (hot water bottles), trauma Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.155, 1998; Contact Dermatitis 5:375-377, 1979

Bacterial cellulitis/erysipelas Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby, 1998, p.140