ANGIOEDEMA

Acquired cold urticaria JAAD 49:714-716, 2003 Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency Am J Med 95:169-175, 1993; B-cell lymphoma BJD 146:343-344, 2002 Allergic contact dermatitis Allergic contact urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; Clin Dermatol 15:619-672, 1997 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced angioedem JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Antibody against the C1 esterase inhibitor without associated disease AHA syndrome (arthritis or arthralgia, hives, angioedema) Rheumatol Int 7:277-279, 1987 Allergic angioedema JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Angioedema (idiopathic acquired angioedema) – lips, eyelids, genitalia JAAD 25:155-161, 1991; JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Angioedema associated with idiopathic or chronic urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Angioedema associated with infections and infestations JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Angioedema associated with urticarial vasculitis JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; Medicine 74:24-41, 1995 Angioedema with eosinophilia – transient variant BJD 144:169-174, 2001 Angiosarcoma – recurrent angioedema BJD 143:1346-1348, 2000 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors – face and oral mucosa; not associated with urticaria BJD 136:153-158, 1997 Aquagenic urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; The Clinical Management of Itching. Parthenon p.103, 2000 Ascariasis Autoimmune progesterone urticaria Betel nut (areca nut) chewing – betel quid (areca nut, leaf of betel pepper, slaked lime paste from shells, coral, or limestone) autonomic and psychoneurologic effects; cholinergic activation, flushing, tachycardia, warmth, euphoria, alertness, hypotension, angioedema, hyperhidrosis, myocardial infarction Clin Toxicol 39:355-360, 2001 Capillary leak syndrome JAAD 32:364-366, 1995 Cholinergic angioedema AD 123:462-467, 1987 Cholinergic urticaria The Clinical Management of Itching. Parthenon p.103, 2000 Cold urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; The Clinical Management of Itching. Parthenon p.103, 2000; J Clin Lab Med 74:902-910, 1969 Contact heat urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Cyclic edema Drug reaction JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Eosinophilic myositis/perimyositis JAAD 37:385-391, 1997 Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; Clin Exp Immunol 82:38-43, 1990; NEJM 310:1621-1626, 1984 Estrogen-dependent inherited angioedema J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:546-550, 2000 Exercise-induced anaphylaxis, with or without food ingestion JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Familial Mediterranean fever Fluid retention syndrome

Foods – peanuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, tree nuts, and foods which cross-react with latex (kiwi, banana, avocado, chestnut) JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Gleich’s syndrome (episodic angioedema with eosinophilia) – angioedema, urticaria, fever, periodic weight gain, eosinophilia, increased IgM AD 141:633-638, 2005; JAAD 20:21-27, 1989; NEJM 310:1621-1626, 1984 Graves’ disease JAAD 48:641-659, 2003 Henna (Lawsonia inermis) Poster Session, European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 2002 Hereditary angioedema – autosomal dominant; C’1 INH deficiency Medicine 71:206-215, 1992; type III – normal C1 INH activity in women with relationship to estrogenic activity JAAD 53:373-388, 2005; BJD 150:157-158, 2004; J Allergy Clin Immunol 106:546-550, 2000; Lancet 356:213-217, 2000; NEJM 334:1666-1667, 1996; Am J Med 35:37-44, 1963; Am J Med Si 95:362-367, 1888 Hereditary angioedema with normal C’1 INH in women JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Hereditary vibratory angioedema Hypereosinophilic syndrome Medicine 54:1-27, 1975 Hypocomplementemic vasculitis JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome BJD 144:639, 2001; Blood 83:2759-2779, 1994; AD 114:531-535, 1978 Insect venoms JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Leukemia – chronic lymphocytic leukemia Ghatan p.122, 2002, Second Edition; acute lymphoblastic leukemia with eosinophilia Ped Derm 20:502-505, 2003 Leukotriene antagonist (monteleukast) administration concurrently with aspirin JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Loiasis Lupus erythematosus – systemic lupus erythematosus JAAD 7:255-264, 1982 Monoclonal gammopathy Ghatan p.122, 2002, Second Edition Myeloma Ghatan p.170, 2002, Second Edition Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia – antibody-mediated decreased levels of C1 esterase inhibitor Hautarzt 45:339-343, 1994 NSAID (including aspirin)-induced angioedema JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Parvovirus B19 – neonatal angioedema due to intrauterine infection with Parvovirus B19 BJD 143:428-430, 2000 Recurrent cutaneous necrotizing eosinophilic vasculitis AD 130:1159-66, 1994 Radiocontrast media JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Serum sickness Solar urticaria JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Superior vena cava syndrome Urticaria Rook p.2116-2117, 1998, Sixth Edition Urticarial vasculitis JAAD 49:S283-285, 2003; Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 23:201-216, 2002; JAAD 38:899-905, 1998; JAAD 38:899-905, 1998; Medicine 74:24-41, 1995; JAAD 26:441-448, 1992 Vibratory angioedema JAAD 53:373-388, 2005 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia Ghatan p.122, 2002, Second Edition

ANGIOKERATOMA CORPORIS DIFFUSUM BJD 149:405-409, 2003; JAAD 37:523-549, 1997 Aspartylglycosaminuria (aspartylglycosaminidase) Paediatr Acta 36:179-189, 1991 Beta mannosidase deficiency (β-mannosidosis) BJD 152:177-178, 2005 Fabry’s disease – α-galactosidase A deficiency NEJM 276:1163-1167, 1967 Fucosidosis type II (αl-fucosidase) AD 107:754-757, 1973 Galactosialidosis – combined deficiency of β-galactosidase and neuraminidase; due to defecton of lysosomal protein (protective protein); conjunctival telangiectasia, telangiectasias of joints, Mongolian-like spots, café au lait macules, skin hyperextensibility, nevus of Ito BJD 149:405-409, 2003; AD 120:1344-1346, 1984 Galactosidosis type II Adult onset GM1 gangliosidosis (β-galactosidase) Clin Genet 17:21-26, 1980 Idiopathic (no enzyme deficiency) AD 123:1125-1127, 1987; JAAD 12:885-886, 1985) – telangiectasias or small angiokeratomas; and arteriovenous fistulae without metabolic disorders – papules AD 131:57-62, 1995 Kanzaki’s disease (Kanzaki-Schindler disease) (α-Nacetylgalactosidase) (acetylgalactosaminidase) AD 129:460-465, 1993 Sialidosis type II BJD 152:177-178, 2005

ANNULAR LESIONS OF THE PENIS Bowenoid papulosis Chancroid Erythema multiforme Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.65, 1998 Erythroplasia of Queyrat Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.82, 1998 Factitial dermatitis Fixed drug eruptions Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.62, 1998 Herpes simplex virus infection, chronic Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, Mosby p.16-17, 1998 Leishmaniasis BJD 139:111-113, 1998 Lichen planus Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.48, 1998; Rook p.1904-1912,3184, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 25:392-394, 1991 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Linear IgA disease Lupus erythematosus, annular Mucha-Habermann syndrome Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.53, 1998 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum – chronic balanitis Dermatology 188:222-225, 1994 Nevus flammeus Non-venereal sclerosing lymphangitis Pityriasis rosea Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.52, 1998; JAAD 15:159-167, 1986

Porokeratosis BJD 144:643-644, 2001; Dermatology 196:256-259, 1998 Psoriasis Genital Skin Disorders, Fischer and Margesson. CV Mosby p.51, 1998; Rook p.1602, 1998, Sixth Edition Reiter’s syndrome – circinate balanitis Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.52, 1998; Rook p.2767, 1998; Arthr Rheum 24:844-849, 1981; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Seborrheic dermatitis Syphilis – primary – hard penile circumferential fold at coronal sulcus; secondary – annular syphilid Rook p.3184, 1998, Sixth Edition Tinea cruris (E. floccosum, T. rubrum) Rook p.1311, 1998, Sixth Edition Tinea versicolor Trauma Warts (condylomata acuminata) Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.13, 1998 Zoon’s balanitis (plasma cell balanitis) Genital Skin Disorders. Fischer and Margesson, CV Mosby p.44, 1998

Allergic contact dermatitis Bullous eruption in CREST syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjögren’s syndrome JAAD 29:648-650, 1993 Bullous pemphigoid Rook p.1869-1870, 1998, Sixth Edition; erythema gyratum repens Clin Exp Dermatol 77:401-406, 1982 Chronic granulomatous disease, neonatal AD 130:105-110, 1994 Combined immunodeficiency syndrome – cutaneous granuloma JAAD 25:761-766, 1991 Dermatitis herpetiformis – annular and rosette lesions Rook p.1890, Sixth Edition Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita AD 133:1122-1126, 1997; annular bullae BJD 147:592-597, 2002 Graft vs. host disease – annular scaly papules of epithelioid granulomas BJD 149:898-899, 2003 Herpes (pemphigoid) gestationis Rook p.1878-1879, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 40:847-849, 1999 IgA pemphigus with rosettes JAAD 25:383-386, 1991; IgA pemphigus (intraepidermal (subcorneal) IgA pemphigus) Eur J Dermatol 11:41-44, 2001; JAAD 43:546-549, 2000; vesiculopustules JAAD 43:923-926, 2000; JAAD 32:352-357, 1995; JAAD 31:502-504, 1994; JAAD 24:993, 1992; intercellular IgA dermatosis resembling subcorneal pustular dermatosis AD 123:1062-1065, 1987 Intercellular IgA dermatosis of childhood AD 127:221-224, 1991 Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis JAAD 34:957-961, 1996 Linear IgA disease (chronic bullous disease of childhood) – perioral, eyelids, ears, scalp, perineum, vulva; rosettes of bullae BJD 144:870-873, 2001; annular polycyclic bullae;

palmar and plantar bullae in infancy; may have hemorrhagic bullae Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; neonatal linear IgA disease Ped Derm 10:171-176, 1993; annular psoriasiform, serpiginous red plaques of palms JAAD 51:S112-117, 2004; resembling erythema annulare centrifugum JAAD 51:S112-117, 2004 Lupus erythematosus (LE) – systemic lupus erythematosus – annular erythema Rook p.2473, 1998, Sixth Edition; bullous or vesicular (annular bullae) JAAD 27:389-394, 1992; Arthritis Rheum 21:58-61, 1978; discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963; neonatal – macular erythema or thin red plaque of forehead, periorbital, temples, upper cheeks, scalp, neck JAAD 40:675-681, 1999; Clin Exp Rheumatol 6:169-172, 1988; subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus – annular and polycyclic lesions Med Clin North Am 73:1073-1090, 1989; JAAD 19:1057-1062, 1988; Cutis 28:90-92, 1981; SCLE in children – annular and polycyclic Ped Derm 20:31-34, 2003; erythema gyratum repens Clin Exp Dermatol 77:129-134, 1982; systemic LE; arcuate scaly plantar plaques JAAD 49:S270-271, 2003 Morphea Rook p.2504-2508, 1998, Sixth Edition Pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus herpetiformis variant AD 129:69-73, 1993; pemphigus foliaceus of children – arcuate, circinate, polycyclic lesions JAAD 46:419-422, 2002; Ped Derm 3:459-463, 1986 Pemphigus vulgaris; IgG/IgA pemphigus – herpetiform, targetoid lesions BJD 147:1012-1017, 2002 Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis Cutis 60:203-205, 1997 Sjögren’s syndrome – annular erythema of Sjögren’s syndrome JAAD 42:1069-1073, 2000 X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia

Congenital constriction band of the trunk (variant of amniotic band syndrome) Ped Derm 14:470-472, 1997

Erythema annulare centrifugum – drug-induced; cimetidine, chloroquine, estrogens, hydroxychloroquine, penicillin, progestogens, salicylates Ghatan p.229, 2002, Second Edition Fixed drug eruption – multiple drugs Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) JAAD 34:455-459, 1996 Heparin (subcutaneous) allergy JAAD 21:703-707, 1989 Linear IgA disease, drug-induced – annular bullae; amiodarone, captopril, cefamandole, cyclosporin, diclofenac, euglucon, furosemide, interleukin, lithium, phenytoin, somatostatin, sulfa, vigabatrin, piroxicam, vancomycin Cutis 73:65-67, 2004; JAAD 45:691-696, 2001 Lupus erythematosus – subacute cutaneous LE – annular scaly lesions in a photodistribution including the legs – terbinafine, thiazides, piroxicam, D-penicillamine, sulfonylureas, procainamide, oxyprenelol, chrysotherapy, griseofulvin, naproxen, spironolactone, diltiazem, cinnarizine, captopril, cilazapril, verapamil, nifedipine, interferon-β, ranitidine, infliximab, etanercept AD 139:45-49, 2003; Lancet 359:579-580, 2002; JAAD 44:925-931, 2001; Ann Intern Med 103:49-51, 1985; chlorthalidone – SCLE associated with Hygroton JAAD 18:38-42, 1988; tiotropium bromide AD 141:911-912, 2005; leflunomide, antihistamines, gold Cutis 76:189-192, 2005

Penicillamine-induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa Penicillin-induced bullous pemphigoid mimicking erythema multiforme JAAD 18:345-349, 1988 Prilosec – mimicking SCLE Quinidine – lichen planus-like eruption Ranitidine (Zantac) Scopolamine patch – allergic contact dermatitis JAAD 13:247-251, 1985 Terbinafine – drug-induced SCLE BJD 148:1056, 2003; JAAD 44:925-931, 2001; AD 137:1196-1198, 2001 Tetanus shot reaction Vitamin K reaction Cutis 61:81-83, 1998

Fixed food eruption – strawberries JAAD 35:638-639, 1996 Irritant contact dermatitis ECG electrode dermatitis (parachlorometaxylenol) JAAD 15:348-350, 1986 Paraffinoma – morphea-like reaction

Anthrax – rosette of blisters surrounding central eschar Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994 Candida – chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis – tinea corporislike changes Annu Rev Med 32:491-497, 1981 Chromoblastomycosis Bolognia p.1187, 2003; AD 131:399-401, 1995 Cutaneous larva migrans Dermatophilus congolensis – due to contact with infected animals BJD 145:170-171, 2001 Erythrasma – disciform erythrasma Herpes simplex – chronic Am J Med 80:486-490, 1986 Impetigo – bullous (staphylococcal) and streptococcal Insect bites Leishmaniasis – chronic lupoid leishmaniasis AD 132:198-202, 1996; post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Acta DV 78:353-354, 1998; leishmaniasis recidivans – circinate papules at periphery of old scars Clin Inf Dis 33:1076-1079, 2001; JAAD 34:257-72, 1996 Leprosy – tuberculoid; borderline Rook p.1225, 1998, Sixth Edition Lobomycosis Lyme disease – erythema (chronicum) migrans – Borrelia burgdorferi Am J Med 99:412-419, 1995 Mucormycosis – primary cutaneous JAAD 24:882-885, 1991 Mycobacterium africanum (tuberculosis) Clin Inf Dis 21:653-655, 1995 Mycobacterium haemophilum BJD 149:200-202, 2003 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – lichen scrofulosorum – yellow to red-brown flat-topped papules, slightly scaly, surmounted with minute pustule; trunk AD 124:1421-1426, 1988; lupus vulgaris AD 126:1227, 1990; erythema induratum; pulmonary tuberculosis – erythema gyratum repens BJD 98:465-468, 1975 Parvovirus B19 – subacute cutaneous lupus-like annular scaling erythematous rash Hum Pathol 31:488-497, 2000 Phaeohyphomycosis (Exserohilum rostratum) – porokeratosislike JAAD 28:340-344, 1993

Pinta Scabies Skin & Allergy News 28:1, 1997 Sporotrichosis, fixed cutaneous JAAD 12:1007-1012, 1985 ‘Spotless’ Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever – erythema migrans-like skin lesion Clin Inf Dis 21:1328-1329, 1995 Syphilis – congenital Genitourin Med 68:195-196, 1992; secondary and tertiary Cutis 59:135-137, 1997; nodular tertiary syphilis – circinate and annular lesions JAAD 42:378-380, 2000; annular verrucous perianal dermatitis in secondary syphilis BJD 152:1343-1345, 2005 Tinea corporis – Trichophyton rubrum, T. megninii, E. floccosum Rook p.1302, 1998, Sixth Edition; Trichophyton verrucosum – extensive annular lesions of trunk and neck AD 94:35-37, 1966; tinea corporis, pedis – bullous or scaly Rook p.1300-1301, 1998, Sixth Edition; tinea capitis Rook p.1304-1305, 1998, Sixth Edition; tinea faciei AD 114:250-252, 1978; tinea cruris The Clinical Management of Itching. Parthenon Publishing p.xi, 2000; Trichophyton rubrum, invasive; radiation port dermatophytosis JAAD 19:1053-1056, 1988; dermatophyte immune restoration inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) Clin Inf Dis 40:113, 182-183, 2005 Tinea imbricata – Trichophyton concentricum – extensive involvement with pruritus and lichenification Clin Exp Dermatol 13:232-233, 1988; Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78:246-251, 1984 Tinea versicolor – tinea versicolor with EAC-like lesions AD 120:380-382, 1984 Trypanosomiasis(African trypanosomiasis) AD 131:1178-1182, 1995 Vaccinia – generalized vaccinia Cutis 73:115-122, 2004 Warts Yaws

Lichen amyloidosis

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis BJD 145:514-515, 2001; AD 132:341-346, 1996; JAAD 14:469-474, 1986; annular plaque with pustules JAAD 51:S71-73, 2004 Erythema multiforme Medicine 68:133-140, 1989; JAAD 8:763-765, 1983 Post-inflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa (PECL) in children – severe variant of anetoderma in black girls; begins as indurated annular plaque with collarette of scale; progresses to finely wrinkled skin JAAD 51:165-185, 2004; JAAD 22:40-48, 1990; S Afr Med J 40:1016-1022, 1966 Sarcoid Rook p.2687, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 133:882-888, 1997; NEJM 336:1224-1234, 1997; Clin Chest Med 18:663-679, 1997; necrotizing sarcoid

Cystic fibrosis, scaly annular plaques AD 128:1358-1364, 1992 Hereditary LDH-M subunit deficiency JAAD 24:339-342, 1991 with acroerythema JAAD 27:262-263, 1992 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) Int J Derm 33:605-617, 1994; JAAD 18:530-537, 1988; NLD with perforating elastosis Cutis 57:326-328, 1996 Necrotizing infundibular crystalline folliculitis – follicular papules with waxy keratotic plugs BJD 145:165-168, 2001 Phrynoderma – phrynoderma as sign of general malnutrition not specific for vitamins A, B, E or essential fatty acid deficiency Ped Derm 22:60-63, 2005

Prolidase deficiency AD 127:124-125, 1991 Pseudoglucagonoma syndrome with alcoholic liver disease AD 138:405-410, 2002; with chronic liver disease, chronic pancreatitis, traumatic necrotizing pancreatitis, celiac disease, jejunal adenocarcinoma AD 115:1429-1432, 1979

Basal cell carcinoma Bowen’s disease Dermal dendrocyte hamartoma – medallion-like; annular brown or red congenital lesion of central chest with slightly atrophic wrinkled surface JAAD 51:359-363, 2004 Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma AD 132:1239-1244, 1996 Extramammary Paget’s disease JAAD 17:910-913, 1987 Kaposi’s sarcoma Keloid Keratoacanthoma – resolving keratoacanthoma; multiple keratoacanthomas on DLE JAAD 21:805-810, 1989; keratoacanthoma centrifugum JAAD 48:282-285, 2003; keratoacanthoma centrifugum marginatum Cutis 73:257-262, 2004; JAAD 30:1-19, 1994; AD 111:1024-1026, 1975; Hautarzt 13:348-352, 1962 Large cell acanthomas AD 123:1071-1076, 1987; JAAD 8:840-845, 1983 Lentigo Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Rook p.2376, 1998, Sixth Edition; CTCL mimicking EAC in a child BJD 152:565-566, 2005; CTCL mimicking porokeratosis of Mibelli JAAD 29:1046-1048, 1993; JAAD 27:327-330, 1992; annular necrosis with gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma JAAD 26:865-870, 1992; Woringer-Kolopp disease (pagetoid reticulosis) – annular hyperkeratotic plaque JAAD 14:898-901, 1986; CTCL mimicking annular and gyrate erythema JAAD 47:914-918, 2002 Lymphocytoma cutis Melanoma Rook p.1746, 1998, Sixth Edition; Semin Oncol 2:5-118, 1975 Meyerson’s nevus – dermatitic halos surrounding melanocytic nevi, atypical nevi, seborrheic keratoses, stucco keratoses, keloids, benign lentigo, insect bite, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, dermatofibroma, pityriasis rosea AD 139:1209-1214, 2003 Porokeratosis – of Mibelli; autosomal dominant Cutis 72:391-393, 2003; Curr Prob Derm 14:71-116, 2002; AD 122:586-587, 589-590, 1986; giant porokeratosis Hautarzt 41:633-635, 1990; hyperkeratotic porokeratosis Int J Dermatol 32:902-903, 1993; linear Ped Derm 21:682-683, 2004; Cutis 44:216-219, 1989; Int J Dermatol 27:589-590, 1988; disseminated superficial (actinic) porokeratosis – autosomal dominant Curr Prob Derm 14:71-116, 2002; Int J Dermatol 34:71-72, 1998; BJD 123:249-254, 1996; Cutis 42:345-348, 1988; palmoplantar porokeratosis JAAD 21:415-418, 1989 Seborrheic keratosis Squamous cell carcinoma Stucco keratosis

Erythema gyratum repens – seen with malignancy, benign breast hypertrophy, CREST syndrome, ichthyosis, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis Rook p.2090, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 111:227-229, 1975

Glucagonoma syndrome (necrolytic migratory erythema) JAAD 24:473-477, 1991 Lymphoma – annular red and reticulated plaques due to cutaneous granulomas associated with systemic lymphoma JAAD 51:600-605, 2004 Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia Paraneoplastic autoimmune multiorgan syndrome (paraneoplastic pemphigus) – arciform and polycyclic lesions AD 137:193-206, 2001 Pityriasis rotunda Cutis 58:406-408, 1996; AD 119:607-6098, 1983

Actinic lichen planus AD 135:1543-1548, 1999 Annular elastolytic granuloma (actinic granuloma) Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis JAAD 40:479-480, 1999; Int J Derm 38:204-206, 1999 Phototoxic dermatitis Polymorphic light eruption

Alopecia mucinosa (follicular mucinosis) Derm 197:178-180, 1998; JAAD 10:760-768, 1984; AD 76:419-426, 1957 Annular atrophic plaques of the face AD 100:703-716, 1969 Annular epidermolytic ichthyosis BJD 141:642-646, 1999; JAAD 27:348-355, 1992 Annular erythema of infancy Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis – linear, varioliform scars Ped Derm 18:230-233, 2001; JAAD 21:309, 1989; BJD 115:105-109, 1986 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini JAAD 30:441-446, 1994 Circumscribed palmar or plantar hypokeratosis – red depressed or atrophic patch with ridged border JAAD 51:319-321, 2004; JAAD 49:1197-1198, 2003; JAAD 47:21-27, 2002 Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis Dyshidrosis Cutis 23:819-821, 1979 Elastosis perforans serpiginosa AD 141:1457-1462, 2005; JAAD 51:1-21, 2004; AD 129:205-207, 1993; seen in Down’s syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, penicillamine JAAD 46:161-183, 2002; elastosis perforans serpiginosa with pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like changes in Moya-Moya disease (bilateral stenosis and occlusion of basa intracranial vessels and carotid arteries) BJD 153:431-434, 2005 Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of Ofuji – circinate and serpiginous plaques with overlying papules and pustules in seborrheic areas; pustules are follicular J Dermatol 16:388-391, 1989; Hautarzt 39:527-530, 1988; Acta DV 50:195-203, 1970; red plaque with pustules JAAD 46:827-833, 2002 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, dystrophica; epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis (Dowling-Meara) Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.160, 2001; JAAD 28:859-861, 1993; epidermolysis bullosa S/P ECG Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis – annular and polycyclic plaques JAAD 27:348-355, 1992 Erythema annulare centrifugum Erythema dyschromicum perstans JAAD 21:438-442, 1989 Erythema elevatum diutinum Rook p.2194, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 67:121-145, 1955

Erythrokeratoderma hiemalis (erythrokeratolysis hiemalis (Oudtshoorn disease)) – palmoplantar erythema, cyclical and centrifugal peeling of affected sites, targetoid lesions of the hands and feet; annular serpiginous lesions of lower legs, knees, thighs, upper arms, shoulders – seen in South African whites; precipitated by cold weather or fever BJD 98:491-495, 1978 Erythrokeratoderma variabilis (Mendes da Costa syndrome) – autosomal dominant – dark red fixed plaques with transient polycyclic red macules with fine scale JID 113:1119-1122, 1999; Ped Derm 12:351-354, 1995 Familial annular erythema – autosomal dominant; early infancy to puberty; vesiculation or scaling Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.295, 2001 Figurate erythemas

Erythema annulare centrifugum Am J Dermatopathol 25:4510462, 2003; Rook p.2088, 1998, Sixth Edition; in infancy JAAD 14:339-343, 1986 Associations with erythema annulare centrifugum:

Acute myeloblastic leukemia Ann Dermatol Venereol 116:6-7,1989 AIDS Tyring p.369, 2002 Alendronate JAAD 48:945-946, 2003 Ampicillin J Indian Med Assoc 65:307-308, 1975 Ascariasis AD 117:582-585, 1981 Blood dyscrasia Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 195:434-446, 1953 Breast cancer Cutis 26:282-284, 1980 Bullous pemphigoid Br J Dermatol 110:378-379, 1984 Candida Hautarzt 236:466-470, 1975 Carcinoid tumor Nt J Frtmsyol 94:452-456, 2976 Cat scratch disease Int J Derm 17:656-658, 1988 Chloroquine AD 95:37-39, 1967 Chronic polyarthritis J Rheumatol 38:59-66, 1979 Cimetidine Br Med J [Clin Res Ed] 283:698, 1981 Dysproteinemia Br J Dermatol 85:546-560, 1971 Epstein-Barr virus Acta Paediatr Scand 63:788-792, 1974 Familial Cutis 44:139-170, 1989 Gold thiomalate therapy JAAD 25:557-560, 1991; JAAD 27:284-287, 1992 Graves’ disease AD 118:623, 1982 Hodgkin’s disease Int J Dermatol 32:59-61, 1993 Hydrochlorothiazide Int J Dermatol 27:129-130, 1988 Hydroxychloroquine sulfate Cutis 36:129-30, 1985 Hypereosinophilic syndrome Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 16:299-304, 1988; Cutis 35:53-55, 1985 Congenital ichthyosis Dermatologica 140:75, 1970 Infectious mononucleosis Tyring p.149, 2002 Ingested fungus (cheese) AD 90:54-58, 1964 Inflammatory carcinoma (carcinoma erysipelatoides) ActaDerm Venereol (Stockh) 73:138-140, 1993 Internal malignancy AD 87:246-251, 1963 Liver disease AD 122:1239-1270, 1986 Lyme disease Dermatol Clin 3:129-139, 1985 Malignant histiocytosis Clin Exp Dermatol 9:608-613, 1984 Molluscum contagiosum AD 114:1853, 1978 Phenothiazine Hautarzt 41:161-163, 1990 Phthirus pubis infestation BJD 149:1291, 2003 Piroxicam JAAD 13:840-841, 1985 Polycythemia vera Ann Dermatol Venereol 111:767-768, 1984 Prostate adenocarcinoma Ann Dermatol Venereol 106:789-92,1979 Psoriasis Hautarzt 38:509-520, 1987 Sarcoidosis Br J Dermatol 1060:713-716, 1982 Sjögren’s syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus JAAD 25:557-560, 1991 Spironolactone Ann DV 114:375-376, 1987

Terbinafine AD 131:960-961, 1995 Thiacetazone Australas J Dermatol 28:44, 1987 Tinea pedis Arch Dermatol Syphilol 70;355-359, 1954 Tuberculosis Int J Dermatol 21:538-539, 1982 Urinary tract infection Hautarzt 30:673-675, 1979

Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema gyratum atrophicans Erythema gyratum perstans Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.295, 2001 Erythema gyratum repens Erythema marginatum – rheumatic fever JAAD 8:724-728, 1983; Ann Intern Med 11:2223-2272, 1937-1938 Familial annular erythema Glucagonoma Infantile epidermolytic erythema gyratum AD 120:1601-1603, 1984 Keratolytic winter erythema Persistent annular erythema of infancy Ped Derm 10:46-48, 1993 Pityriasis rubra pilaris Psoriasis Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus Tinea corporis Tinea imbricata

Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) J Am Dent Assoc 115:421-424, 1987 Granuloma multiforme Hailey-Hailey disease – arciform and circinate plaques Australas J Dermatol 37:196-198, 1996; BJD 126:275-282, 1992; Arch Dermatol Syphilol 39:679-685, 1939 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens – mutation of keratin 2e; superficial blistering of flexures, shins, abdomen with annular peeling; gray rippled hyperkeratosis of extremities, lower trunk, flexures; hypertrichosis; circumscribed patchy scaling (mauserung); palmoplantar blistering with hyperhidrosis BJD 140:689-695, 1999; JID 103:277-281, 1994; JAAD 14:1000-1005, 1986 Keratosis follicularis squamosa – follicular hyperkeratotic papule; annular with scale BJD 144:1070-1072, 2001 Lichen planus

Annular atrophic lichen planus AD 141:93-98, 2005; JAAD 25:392-394, 1991 Annular JAAD 50:595-599, 2004; Rook p.3247, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Dermatol 19:414-419, 1992; J Cutan Dis 37:639-670, 1919 Hypertrophic Lichen planus atrophicus annularis (actinic lichen planus) JAAD 25:392-394, 1991

Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus – wrinkled lesions, atrophic vulvar with shrinkage Cutis 67:249-250, 2001; Rook p.2549-2551,3231-3232, 1998, Sixth Edition; Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 57:9-30, 1971 Lichen simplex chronicus Lichen striatus, annular BJD 101:351-352, 1979 Lipoatrophia semicircularis Miescher’s granuloma Nummular dermatitis BJD 95:653-656, 1976 Ofuji’s disease (eosinophilic pustular folliculitis) – red plaque with papules and pustules JAAD 46:827-833, 2002 Parakeratosis variegata Parapsoriasis en plaque Perforating granuloma annulare JAAD 3:217-230, 1980 Perifollicular macular atrophy (perifollicular elastolysis) – gray-white finely wrinkled round areas of atrophy with central hair follicle BJD 83:143-150, 1970

Persistent annular erythema of infancy Ped Derm 10:46-48, 1993 Porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata JAAD 21:415-418, 1989 Pityriasis alba Pityriasis lichenoides chronica Pityriasis rosea JAAD 15:159-167, 1986; pityriasis rosea with erythema multiforme-like lesions JAAD 17:135-136, 1987 Pityriasis rotunda – may be paraneoplastic phenomenon; or with leprosy Ped Derm 19:200-203, 2002; JAAD 31:866-871, 1994; JAAD 14:74-78, 1986; BJD 76:223-227, 1964 Pityriasis rubra pilaris – erythema gyratum repens JAAD 37:811-815, 1997 Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans with or without CTCL Progressive symmetric erythrokeratoderma Pseudo-ainhum Psoriasis – recurrent circinate erythematous psoriasis of Bloch and Lapiere Rook p.1608, 1998, Sixth Edition; annular plaque type psoriasis Ped Derm 22:15-18, 2005; annular pustular psoriasis Ped Derm 19:19-25, 2002; JAAD 24:186-194, 1991; Cutis 45:439-442, 1990; AD 108:687-688, 1973; psoriasis mimicking porokeratosis Seborrheic dermatitis Bolognia p.304, 2004 Subcorneal pustular dermatosis of Sneddon-Wilkinson – pustules which expand to annular and serpiginous lesions with scaly edge; heal with hyperpigmentation Bolognia p.305, 2004; Ped Derm 20:57-59, 2003; BJD 145:852-854, 2001; J Dermatol 27:669-672, 2000; Cutis 61:203-208, 1998; JAAD 19:854-858, 1988; BJD 68:385-394, 1956 Symmetric progressive erythrokeratoderma Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease) – nummular plaques with scale/crust JAAD 35:653-666, 1996 Vitiligo – inflammatory vitiligo with figurate papulosquamous lesions Dermatology 200:270-274, 2000

Factitial dermatitis

Acquired progressive kinking of the hair Ped Derm 21:265-268, 2004 Acrogeria – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Ghatan p.131, 2002, Second Edition Annular epidermolytic ichthyosis – variant of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma – mutation in keratin 10 JID 111:1220-1223, 1998 Ataxia telangiectasia – facial granulomas BJD 153:194-199, 2005 Breast hypertrophy, erythema annulare centrifugum, generalized melanoderma, verrucae vulgaris and SLE Acta DV (Stockh) 52:33, 1972 Down’s syndrome – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Rook p.373, 1998, Sixth Edition Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type IV – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Ghatan p.132, 2002, Second Edition Genodermatosis en cocarde of Degos – autosomal dominant – large annular scaling plaques Hypereosinophilic syndrome – annular scaly red plaque of necrotizing vasculitis associated with deep vein thrombosis AD 141:1051-1053, 2005 Ichthyosis exfoliativa – annular epidermal ichthyosis

Kawasaki’s disease – macular, morbilliform, urticarial, scarlatiniform, erythema multiforme-like, pustular, erythema marginatum-like exanthems, annular lesions with peripheral pustules Cutis 72:354-356, 2003; JAAD 39:383-398, 1998 Lipoid proteinosis – early lesions BJD 148:180-182, 2003 Netherton’s syndrome – ichthyosis linearis circumflexa BJD 131:615-621, 1994; AD 122:1420-1424, 1986; JAAD 13:329-337, 1985 Osteogenesis imperfecta – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Ghatan p.132, 2002, Second Edition Pseudoxanthoma elasticum – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Ghatan p.132, 2002, Second Edition Reiter’s syndrome – keratoderma blenorrhagicum; flexural confluent circinate lesions Rook p.2765-2766, 1998; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:253-286, 1974 Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome (REM syndrome) Rothmund-Thomson syndrome – elastosis perforans serpiginosa Ghatan p.130, 2002, Second Edition Rowell’s syndrome JAAD 21:374-377, 1989 Sweet’s sydrome – pustules and/or pustular plaques Hautarzt 46:283-284, 1995; JAAD 16:458-462, 1987; AD 123:519-524, 1987; BJD 76:349-356, 1964; in infancy Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.305, 2001 Wells’ syndrome – annular plaques with collarette of bullae BJD 143:425-427, 2000; AD 133:1579-1584, 1997

Dioxin – erythema elevatum diutinum-like lesions of late dioxin exposure JAAD 19:812-819, 1988

Chilblains Childbirth – annular blisters due to vacuum extraction AD 135:697-703, 1999 Radiation dermatitis – chronic Suction device trauma of newborn

Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, including Henoch-Schönlein purpura Osler-Weber-Rendu disease Pigmented purpuric eruption (eczematoid) Pustular vasculitis – annular pustular plaques with central necrosis Rook p.2167, 1998, Sixth Edition Spider telangiectasia Urticarial vasculitis

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis JAAD 47:311-313, 2002 Bullous pemphigoid – figurate lesions Rook p.1869-1870, 1998, Sixth Edition Chronic granulomatous disease – arcuate dermal erythema AD 113:798-800, 1977

Dermatitis herpetiformis Ghatan p.38, 2002, Second Edition Graft vs. host disease – chronic, sclerodermoid graft vs. host disease with mucin BJD 142:529-532, 2000 Herpes (pemphigoid) gestationis Rook p.1878-1879, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 40:847-849, 1999 Lupus erythematosus

Annular erythema of face with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies BJD 150:1005-1008, 2004 Lupus erythematosus gyratum repens – migratory gyrate annular erythema Clin Exp Dermatol 7:129, 1982 Neonatal – annular erythema without scale; Japanese infants Medicine 63:362-378, 1984 Subacute cutaneous lupus erythermatosus (SCLE) Anti-Ro/SSA associated recurrent annular erythema J Dermatol Sci 12:127-131, 1996 Tumid lupus JAAD 48:901-908, 2003; Cutis 69:228-230, 2002; Am J Dermatopathol 21:356-360, 1999

Morphea Caputo p.39, 2000 Rheumatoid arthritis – palisaded neutrophilic granulomatous dermatitis of rheumatoid arthritis (rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatosis) JAAD 47:251-257, 2002; AD 133:757-760, 1997; Cutis 60:203-205, 1997 Serum sickness Sjögren’s syndrome – annular purpura J Korean Med Sci 15:115-118, 2000; annular erythema Rook p.2571, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 20:596-601, 1989 Still’s disease, including adult Still’s disease Rook p.2570, 1998, Sixth Edition Urticaria – acute or chronic The Clinical Management of Itching. Parthenon p.xvi, 2000; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology p.300, 2001; Rook p.2116-2117, 1998, Sixth Edition

Aplasia cutis congenita Hair collar sign Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology p.121, 2001 Hair whorl – parietal scalp Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.487, 2001 Halo scalp ring – prolonged pressure on vertex by cervix Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology p.106, 2001; AD 123:992-994, 1987 Meningocoele (rudimentary meningocoele; primary cutaneous meningioma) – annular tuft of hair over sequestrated meningocoele Ped Derm 14:315-318, 1994; Ped Derm 15:388-389, 1998 Raised limb bands BJD 147:359-363, 2002

Anthralin – post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation after anthralin therapy Chlorthalidone – subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus JAAD 18:38-42, 1988 Corticosteroids, topical – tinea incognito Rook p.3551, 1998, Sixth Edition Drug rash, morbilliform, accentuated under cardiac leads Fixed drug reaction G-CSF JAAD 34:455-459, 1996 Interferon alpha (pegylated) and ribavirin as treatment for hepatitis C infection – sarcoidosis AD 141:865-868, 2005 Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction Linear IgA disease, drug-induced – red annular plaques; amiodarone, captopril, cefamandole, cyclosporin, diclofenac, euglucon, furosemide, interleukin, lithium, phenytoin,

somatostatin, sulfa, vigabatrin, piroxicam, vancomycin JAAD 45:691-696, 2001 Morbilliform drug eruption with accentuation under cardiac leads Non-pigmenting fixed drug eruption JAAD 23:379-381, 1990 Ranitidine (Zantac) Vitamin K injection allergy JAAD 27:105-106, 1992

Exogenous ochronosis – annular granulomatous lesions Am J Dermatopathol 17:18-22, 1995 Eyebrow ring Pili migrans Ped Derm 21:612-613, 2004 Tattoo Tongue ring Zirconium granuloma

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum – annular urticarial lesions JAAD 48:298-299, 2003 Aspergillus sepsis Candida sepsis Cat scratch disease – erythema marginatum-like lesions, erythema multiforme-like lesions Derm Times p.39-40, Aug 1997; Rook p.1154, 1998, Sixth Edition Demodicidosis in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia J Pediatr 127:751-754, 1995 Epstein-Barr virus infection, chronic (infectious mononucleosis) – granuloma annulare-like eruption AD 124:250-255, 1988 Erysipelas Erysipeloid Clin Microbiol Rev 2:354-359, 1989 Fusarium roseum infection – granuloma annulare like lesion AD 123:167-168, 1987 Fusarium sepsis – annular lesions with or without central necrosis Hawaian box jellyfish sting (Carybdea alata) JAAD 36:991-993, 1996 Herpes simplex – dystrophic calcinosis due to intrauterine herpes simplex infection Ped Derm 3:208-211, 1986 Human bite Insect bite reaction Leishmaniasis recidivans – circinate papules at periphery of old scars Clin Inf Dis 33:1076-1079, 2001; JAAD 34:257-72, 1996 Leprosy – macular lepromatous leprosy AD 113:1027-1032, 1997; tuberculoid leprosy Rook p.1223, 1998, Sixth Edition; borderline Rook p.1225, 1998, Sixth Edition; lupus vulgaris; id reaction to Mycobacterium leprae Cutis 54:282-286, 1994; reversal reaction JAAD 20:857-860, 1989; lepromatous phlebitis of external jugular vein (post-auricular red annular plaque) JAAD 49:1180-1182, 2003 Lyme disease – erythema migrans JAAD 49:363-392, 2003; Clin Inf Dis 31:533-542, 2000; NEJM 321:586-596, 1989; AD 120:1017-1021, 1984 Mycobacterium hemophilum JAAD 43:913-915, 2000 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – lupus vulgaris Medicine 60:95-109, 1980; M. africanum (M. tuberculosis complex) – circinate and annular facial plaques, around nose J Clin Inf Dis 21:653-655, 1995

Rheumatic fever – erythema marginatum Trans St John’s Hsop Dermatol Soc 50:105-112, 1964 Rickettsia slovaca (Hungary) – Dermacentor marginatus or D. reticulatus tick bite; erythema marginatum-like lesions; scalp papules, crusted scalp papules and subsequent alopecia; tick-borne lymphadenopathy Clin Inf Dis 34:1331-1336, 2002 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (spotless RMSF) – erythema migrans-like lesions J Clin Inf Dis 21:1328-1329, 1995 Scarlet fever – erythema marginatum Bolognia p.304, 2004 Schistosoma mansoni BJD 103:205, 1980 Southern tick-associated rash infection – erythema migrans lesions without evidence of Borrelia infection; reported from Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, and South Carolina Clin Inf Dis 40:429, 475-476, 2005; JAAD 49:363-392, 2003; AD 135:1317-1326, 1999; AD 134:955-960, 1998; Arch Int Med 157:2635-2641, 1997; J Inf Dis 172:470-480, 1995 Sporotrichosis, fixed cutaneous JAAD 12:1007-1012, 1985 Stingray bite Cutis 58:208-210, 1996 Syphilis – primary – hard penile circumferential fold JAAD 26:700-703, 1992; secondary – discoid, annular, circinate papules and plaques Rook p.1248, 1998, Sixth Edition; nodular tertiary lesions mimicking granuloma annulare JAAD 42:378-380, 2000 Tinea corporis, pedis, manuum, faciei – steroid modified tinea – concentric rings of erythema or plaques Int J Dermatol 22:39-42, 1983 Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (African trypanosomiasis) – edema of face, hands, feet with transient red macular, morbilliform, petechial or urticarial dermatitis; circinate, annular of trunk Rook p.1407-1408, 1998, Sixth Edition; annular red patch of thigh NEJM 342:1254, 2000 Verrucae – flat warts Viral exanthem

Acral persistent papular mucinosis JAAD 21:293-297, 1989 Jessner’s lymphocytic infiltrate AD 125:1525-1530, 1989 Lymphocytoma cutis Urticaria pigmentosa

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (plaque-type) JAAD 14:469-474, 1986 Erythema multiforme Medicine 68:133-140, 1989; JAAD 8:763-765, 1983 Erythema nodosum Goodpasture’s syndrome – annular erythematous macule AD 121:1442-1444, 1982 Inflammatory bowel disease – cutaneous granulomata Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis – annular plaques, linear erythematous cords BJD 152:814-816, 2005; JAAD 47:251-257, 2002; JAAD 46:892-899, 2002; JAAD 45:286-291, 2001; interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with arthritis JAAD 34;957-961, 1996 Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ann DV 119:605-611, 1992; AD 118:263-266, 1982; large annuli of breasts BJD 151:507-508, 2004 Sarcoid Rook p.2687, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 133:882-888, 1997; NEJM 336:1224-1234, 1997; Clinics in Chest Medicine 18:663-679, 1997

Sebaceous adenitis – arcuate lesion JAAD 36:845-846, 1997 Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease) – annular granulomatous papules Int J Derm 37:271-274, 1998;granuloma annulare-like lesions JAAD 37:643-646, 1997 Subacute migratory nodular panniculitis (Villanova) (erythema nodosum migrans) – red leg plaque AD 128:1643-1648, 1992; Cutis 54:383-385, 1994; Acta DV (Stockh) 53:313-317, 1973; AD 89:170-179, 1964

Arcus (annulus) senilis (atherosclerosis) Rook p.2231,2605, 1998, Sixth Edition Calcinosis cutis due to EEG paste – annular forehead plaque AD 138:405-410, 2002 Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria – annular plaques of nose and face BJD 151:920-923, 2004 LDH M-subunit deficiency – annular papules JAAD41:469-473, 1999 Miescher’s granuloma Ghatan p.10, Second Edition Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Acta DV 58:276-277, 1978 Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy JAAD 10:473-480, 1984; Clin Exp Dermatol 7:65-73, 1982; JAMA 241:1696-1699, 1979 Wilson’s disease – Kayser-Fleischer ring of cornea Br Med J 289:273-276, 1984 Xanthomas

Atrial myxoma – violaceous, annular and serpiginous lesions Cutis 62:275-280, 1998; JAAD 21:1080-1084, 1989; JAAD 32:881-883, 1995 Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma – annular facial plaque AD 138:1091-1096, 2002; AD 132:1239-1240, 1996; Cancer 40:2979-2986, 1977 Epithelioid sarcoma Fibrofolliculomas BJD 141:332-334, 1999 Halo nevi Keloid Leukemia cutis including juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia BJD 138:1058-1060, 1998; Ped Derm 7:122-125, 1990; Ped Derm 12:364-368, 1995; chronic lymphocytic leukemia – transient annular erythema with pustular folliculitis BJD 150:1129-1135, 2004 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) BJD 148:591, 2003; Rook p.2376, 1998, Sixth Edition; CTCL mimicking granuloma annulare BJD 146:1102-1104, 2002; lymphoepithelial cell lymphoma (Lennert’s lymphoma) presenting as atypical granuloma annulare BJD 142:776-780, 2000; lymphomatoid granulomatosis (angiocentric lymphoma) AD 122:303-306, 1986; JAAD 17:621-631, 1987; HIV-associated lymphoma Tyring p.374, 2002 Melanoma Semin Oncol 2:5-118, 1975 Metastases – multiple primary systemic cancers; annular red halo after stroking neuroblastoma metastases J Ped 77:297-300, 1970 Mongolian spots – dermal melanocytosis; congenital, persistent JAAD 16:788-792, 1987; Clin Pediatr 20:714-719, 1981 Multinucleate cell angiohistiocytoma JAAD 30:417-422, 1994; Cutis 59:190-192, 1997 Sebaceous hyperplasia – annular sebaceous hyperplasias of the penis JAAD 48:149-150, 2003

Erythema gyratum repens Bolognia p.304, 2004 Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia AD 133:97-102, 1997

Actinic granuloma (annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma, Miescher’s granuloma) AD 111:460-466, 1975; JAAD 1:413-421, 1979; Eur J Dermatol 9:647-649, 1999; Cutis 62:181-187, 1998 Actinic lichen planus AD 59:308, 1989; JAAD 20:226-231, 1989 Photo-induced granuloma annulare in AIDS Polymorphic light eruption Transcutaneous oxygen monitor – photo-induced burns with annular erythema Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.113, 2001

Alopecia areata Alopecia mucinosa AD 125:287-292, 1989 Annular and semicircular lipoatrophy Annular atrophic plaques of the face Cutis 24:90-93, 1979 Annular constriction of the glans penis JAAD 15:351-353, 1986 Annular dystrophic calcinosis in infancy JAAD 26:1015-1017, 1992 Annular erythema of infancy Clin Exp Dermatol 25:404-405, 2000; AD 123:510-3, 1987; persistent annular erythema of infancy Ped Derm 10:46-48, 1993 Annular lichenoid dermatitis of youth JAAD 49:1029-1036, 2003 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Centrifugal lipodystrophy Circle hairs JAAD 634-635, 1996; JAAD 8:423-427, 1983 Circumscribed palmar or plantar hypokeratosis – red depressed or atrophic patch with ridged border JAAD 51:319-321, 2004; JAAD 49:1197-1198, 2003; JAAD 47:21-27, 2002 Erythema dyschromicum perstans JAAD 21:438-442, 1989 Erythema elevatum diutinum – giant annuli JAAD 43:955-957, 2000; BJD 143:415-420, 2000 Erythrokeratoderma hiemalis (erythrokeratolysis hiemalis (Oudtshoorn disease)) – palmoplantar erythema, cyclical and centrifugal peeling of affected sites, targetoid lesions of the hands and feet; annular serpiginous lesions of lower legs, knees, thighs, upper arms, shoulders – seen in South African whites; precipitated by cold weather or fever BJD 98:491-495, 1978 Erythrokeratoderma variabilis (Mendes da Costa syndrome) – autosomal dominant – dark red fixed plaques with transient polycyclic red macules with fine scale JID 113:1119-1122, 1999; Ped Derm 12:351-354, 1995 Figurate erythema

Annular erythema of infancy JAAD 14:339-343, 1986; Ped Derm 10:46-48, 1993 Annular erythema of Sjögren’s syndrome JAAD 20:596-601, 1989 Disseminated superficial porokeratosis Erythema annulare centrifugum (deep type) JAAD 27:281-287, 1992; Int J Derm 17:656-658, 1988, Cutis 35:53-55, 1985 Erythema chronicum migrans Erythema gyratum atrophicans Erythema gyratum atrophicans transiens neonatal AD 111:615-616, 1975

Erythema gyratum perstans BJD 58:111-121, 1946 Erythema marginatum – rheumatic fever JAAD 8:724-728, 1983; Ann Intern Med 11:2223-2272, 1937-1938 Erythema multiforme Erythema multiforme-like lesions in sarcoid Cutis 34:461-463, 1984 Familial annular erythema BJD 78:59-68, 1966 Infantile epidermodysplastic erythema gyratum AD 120:1601-1603, 1984

Granuloma annulare BJD 152:552-555, 2005; JAAD 3:217-230, 1980; EAC-like generalized granuloma annulare JAAD 20:39-47, 1989; GA as a tuberculid JAAD 46:948-952, 2002; photo-GA of AIDS Granuloma faciale and extrafacial granuloma faciale Cutis 67:413-415, 2001 Granuloma multiforme – upper trunk and arms; papules evolving into annular plaques with geographical, polycyclic borders; heal centrally with depigmented macules; Central Africa Rook p.2309, 1998, Sixth Edition Halo scalp ring AD 123:992-993, 1987 Lichen myxedematosus AD 83:230-242, 1961 Lichen planus – annular lichen planus JAAD 50:595-599, 2004; J Cutan Dis 37:639-670, 1919; atrophic lichen planus JAAD 25:392-394, 1991 Lipoatrophia semicircularis Miliaria – giant centrifugal miliaria profunda Ped Derm 7:140-146, 1990 Multiple benign annular creases of the extremities – deep creases around arms and legs Eur J Paediatr 138:301-303, 1982 Palpable migratory arciform erythema AD 133:763-766, 1977 Rolled hairs JAAD 35:634-635, 1996 Sclerotic panatrophy – may follow morphea or occur spontaneously; linear or annular or circumferential bands around limbs Rook p.2016, 1998, Sixth Edition Woolly hair – autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive Rook p.2953, 1998, Sixth Edition; symmetrical allotrichia (acquired progressive kinking) Cutis 24:322-324, 1979; woolly hair nevus JAAD 22:377-381, 1990

Amnion rupture malformation sequence (amniotic band syndrome) – congenital ring constrictions and intrauterine amputations; secondary syndactyly Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.133, 2001; JAAD 32:528-529, 1995; Cutis 44:64-66, 1989 Buschke-Ollendorf syndrome of scalp JAAD 24:882-885, 1991 Hyper-IgD syndrome – periodic fever, red macules, urticaria, annular erythema, nodules, arthralgias, abdominal pain, lymphadenopathy AD 130:59-65, 1994 Hypereosinophilic syndrome – annular erythema Semin Dermatol 14:122-128, 1995 Kawasaki’s disease – erythema multiforme-like, erythema marginatum-like, macular, morbilliform, urticarial, scarlatiniform, pustular JAAD 39:383-398, 1998 MC/MR syndrome with multiple circumferential skin creases – multiple congenital anomalies including high forehead, elongated face, bitemporal sparseness of hair, broad eyebrows, blepharophimosis, bilateral microphthalmia and microcornea, epicanthic folds, telecanthus, broad nasal bridge, puffy cheeks, microstomia, cleft palate, enamel hypoplasia, micrognathia, microtia with stenotic ear canals, posteriorly angulated ears, short stature, hypotonia, pectus excavatum, inguinal and umbilical hernias, scoliosis, hypoplastic scrotum, long fingers, overlapping toes, severe psychomotor retardation, resembles Menkes’ syndrome – kinky hair, characteristic face with pallor,

full cheeks, cupid’s bow upper lip, lethargy, spasticity, seizures J Med Genet 34:265-274, 1997 Michelin tire baby syndrome Am J Med Genet 62:23-25, 1996 Neurofibromatosis type I – paraspinal hair whorl indicating mediastinal plexiform neurofibroma Ped Derm 14:196-198, 1997 Reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) syndrome Ring chromosome 13 syndrome – symmetrical arciform hypopigmentation Rubenstein-Taybi syndrome – arciform keloids, hypertrichosis, long eyelashes, thick eyebrows, keratosis pilaris or ulerythema ophyrogenes, low-set ears, very short stature, broad terminal phalanges of thumbs and great toes, hemangiomas, nevus flammeus, café au lait macules, pilomatrixomas, cardiac anomalies, mental retardation Ped Derm 19:177-179, 2002; Am J Dis Child 105:588-608, 1963 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1-associated periodic fever syndromes (TRAPS) (same as familial Hibernian fever, autosomal dominant periodic fever with amyloidosis, and benign autosomal dominant familial periodic fever) – erythematous patches, tender red plaques, fever, annular, serpiginous, polycyclic, reticulated, and migratory patches and plaques (migrating from proximal to distal), urticaria-like lesions, lesions resolving with ecchymoses, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain, headache; Irish and Scottish predominance; mutation in TNFRSF1A – gene encoding 55kDa TNF receptor AD 136:1487-1494, 2000 Wells’ syndrome – annular red plaques AD 133:1579-1584, 1997 Winchester syndrome – annular and serpiginous thickenings of skin; arthropathy, gargoyle-like face, gingival hypertrophy, macroglossia, osteolysis (multilayered symmetric restrictive banding), generalized hypertrichosis, very short stature, thickening and stiffness of skin with annular and serpiginous thickenings of skin, multiple subcutaneous nodules JAAD 50:S53-56, 2004

Dioxin exposure – erythema elevatum diutinum-like lesions JAAD 19:812-819, 1988

Annular erythema – due to impending pacemaker extrusion Acta DV 79:385-387, 1999 Candle suction (chope) – annular skin lesions AD 120:1379-1380, 1984 Chilblains Rook p.960-961, 1998, Sixth Edition Cupping – annular purpura Aust J Dermatol 12:89-96, 1971 Delayed pressure urticaria Rook p.2130, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 29:954-958, 1993 Gardner-Diamond syndrome Hardball injury – annular purpura Cutis 43:363-365, 1989 Paintball purpura JAAD 53:901-902, 2005; Cutis 75:157-158, 2005 Suction purpura AD 128:822-824, 1992

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy JAAD 43:955-957, 2000 Emboli – from cardiac myxomas; violaceous annular and serpiginous lesions BJD 147:379-382, 2002 Generalized essential telangiectasia JAAD 37:321-325, 1997 Henoch-Schönlein purpura JAAD 43:955-957, 2000; rosettes AD 139:215-220, 2003

Pseudo-Kaposi’s sarcoma Int J Dermatol 37:223-225, 1998 Purpura annularis telangiectoides (Majocchi’s pigmented purpuric eruption) Rook p.2149-2151, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatologica 140:45-53, 1970 Recurrent annular erythema with purpura BJD 135:972-975, 1996 Tufted angioma Dermatology 201:68-70, 2000 Urticarial vasculitis Vasculitis – with paraproteinemia, inflammatory bowel disease, pregnancy, myeloma, sarcoid JAAD 43:955-957, 2000; leukocytoclastic vasculitis due to chlorzoxazone BJD 150:153, 2004

Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963; lupus profundus Morphea Keloidal scleroderma JAAD 11:1111-1114, 1984

Amniotic band Ped Derm 3:153-157, 1986 Aplasia cutis congenital Congenital varicella syndrome – pox-like scars JAAD 43:864-866, 2000; AD 126:546-547, 1990 Trisomy 13

Status-post corticosteroid injections D-Penicillamine therapy – cribriform scars JAAD 20:979-988, 1989 Status-post corticosteroid injections

Deep mycoses Herpes simplex, resolved Herpes zoster, healed Osteomyelitis with draining sinus tracts Papulonecrotic tuberculid – varioliform scars JAAD 14:815-826, 1986 Pyodermas Smallpox Syphilis, tertiary

Disseminated xanthosiderohistiocytosis (form of xanthoma disseminatum) – keloidal plaques JAAD 11:750-755, 1984

Pancreatic panniculitis, healed Pyoderma gangrenosum – cigarette paper scars JAAD 18:559-568, 1988 Sarcoidosis

Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Rook p.2306, 1998, Sixth Edition Porphyria – erythropoietic protoporphyria Eur J Pediatr 159:719-725, 2000; J Inherit Metab Dis 20:258-269, 1997; BJD 131:751-766, 1994; Curr Probl Dermatol 20:123-134, 1991; Am J Med 60:8-22, 1976; congenital erythropoietic porphyria – shallow facial scars AD 128:1243-1248, 1992 Prolidase deficiency – autosomal recessive; skin spongy and fragile with annular pitting and scarring; leg ulcers; photosensitivity, telangiectasia, purpura, premature graying, lymphedema AD 127:124-125, 1991; Ped Derm 13:58-60, 1996

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans arising in BCG vaccination scar AD 124:496-497, 1988 Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma Kaposi’s sarcoma (papules within scars) JAAD 27:273-274, 1992 Keratoacanthoma Leukemia cutis in scar AD 123:88-90, 1987 Lymphomatoid papulosis – papules or nodules with central necrosis Am J Dermatopathol 18:221-235, 1996; JAAD 17:632-636, 1987; JAAD 13:736-743, 1985 Nevus comedonicus with cribriform scars Ped Derm 8:300-305, 1991 Sebaceous carcinoma – scar-like plaque on eyelid AD 123:653-658, 1987

Hydroa vacciniforme – atrophic, macular, or hypertrophic scars JAAD 25:892-895, 1991; AD 114:1193-1196, 1978

Acne excoriée Acne necrotica varioliformis – varioliform scars JAAD 16:1007-1014, 1987 Acne scarring Acute parapsoriasis (pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta) (Mucha-Habermann disease) AD 123:1335-1339, 1987; AD 118:478, 1982 Anetoderma of Jadassohn Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, WB Saunders pp.126-127, 2001

Type 1 – ACC of scalp without multiple anomalies Type 2 – ACC of scalp with limb reduction abnormalities Type 3 – ACC of scalp with epidermal and organoid nevi Type 4 – ACC with overlying developmental malformations Type 5 – ACC with fetus papyraceus or placental infarcts Type 6 – ACC with epidermolysis bullosa (EB) Type 7 – ACC due to teratogens Type 8 – ACC due to intrauterine infections Type 9 – ACC as feature of malformation syndromes Junctional EB with pyloric atresia ACC localized to extremities without blistering (group 7) Adams-Oliver syndrome – large irregular scalp defects; distal limb reduction abnormalities Chromosome 16-18 defect – large scalp defects; arteriovenous malformation of scalp with underlying bony defect

Trisomy 13 (trisomy D (13-15) – membranous aplasia cutis; holoprosencephaly, seizures, ocular abnormalities, deafness, neural tube defects Deletion of short arm of chromosome 4 (4p (–) syndrome) – mental retardation, deafness, seizures, ocular abnormalities Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome – membranous aplasia cutis; orbital cysts, cerebral malformations, facial skin tags, seizures, developmental delay Opitz syndrome – membranous aplasia cutis; hypertelorism, cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, crytorchidism Johnson-Blizzard syndrome – small stellate defects; membranous aplasia cutis; dwarfism, mental retardation, deafness, hypothyroidism, pancreatic insufficiency Focal dermal hypoplasia Bitemporal aplasia cutis congenita (Setleis syndrome) Focal facial dermal dysplasia Amnion rupture malformation sequence Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulate supple scarring Lumpy scalp, odd ears, and rudimentary nipples Ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome Scalp-ear-nipple syndrome – autosomal dominant; aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp, irregularly shaped pinna, hypoplastic nipple, widely spaced teeth, partial syndactyly Am J Med Genet 50:247-250, 1994 Tricho-odonto-onychodermal dysplasia syndrome Others – cleft lip and palate, ear pits, ear deformities X-p22 microdeletion syndrome – bilateral linear defects of malar region; microphthalmia, sclerocornea

Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Collagenome perforante verruciform Ann DV 90:29-36, 1963 Epidermolysis bullosa – benign juvenile epidermolysis bullosa – cigarette paper scars JAAD 14:508-509, 1986; cicatricial junctional epidermolysis bullosa JAAD 12:836-844, 1985; epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica inversa – pitted heel scars AD 124:544-547, 1988; dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; junctional epidermolysis bullosa Familial acne conglobata – pitted antecubital scars JAAD 14:207-214, 1986 Focal facial dermal dysplasias JAAD 27:575-582, 1992; bitemporal scarring JAAD 18:1203-1207, 1988 Hidradenitis suppurativa Mid-dermal elastolysis – wrinkled scars JAAD 26:169-173, 1992 Pityriasis rosea, vesicular

Factitial dermatitis

Behçet’s syndrome Dowling-Degos syndrome – pitted scars Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Goltz’s syndrome – annular atrophic plaques Cutis 53:309-312, 1994 Lipoid proteinosis – pock-like annular scars Rook p.2641, 1998, Sixth Edition; Acta Paediatr 85:1003-1005, 1996; JAAD 27:293-297, 1992 Progeria – scars and keloid-like lesions AD 124:1261-1266, 1988

Amniocentesis scar Drug abuse – skin popping

Atrophie blanche en plaque Degos’ disease Livedo vasculitis AD 124:684-687, 1988 Vasculitis, including koebnerization of leukocytoclastic vasculitis – lesions within scars JAAD 22:775-781, 1990 Wegener’s granulomatosis

APHTHOUS STOMATITIS JAAD 52:500-508, 2005; JAAD 40:1-18, 1999 Agranulocytosis AIDS J Oral Pathol Med 21:409-411, 1992 Behçet’s syndrome Cancrum oris (noma) Br J Plast Surg 45:193-198, 1992 Captopril Lancet Dec15;2 (8155)):1297-1298, 1979 Carcinoma Dent Update 19:353, 1992 Celiac disease Eur J Oral Sci 106:899-906, 1998; BJD 103:111, 1980 Crohn’s disease Eur J Dermatol 8:1238-1240, 1998; NEJM 330:1870, 1994 Cyclic neutropenia JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Cytomegalovirus, including aphthous ulcer of the tongue Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 110:463-464, 1994 Erythema multiforme Fanconi’s anemia Int J Ped Dent 14:214-217, 2004 FAPA – fever, aphthosis, stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Fluoride Dermatology 208:181, 2004 Folate deficiency JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Foreign bodies at distant locations

Intrauterine device Contact lenses Lancet 1:857, 1974

Gold Hand, foot, and mouth disease Herpes simplex Histoplasmosis Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144:1201-1205, 2000 Hypereosinophilic syndrome Eur J Dermatol 13:207-208, 2003 Idiopathic Dermatol Clin 5:761-768, 1987 Imiquimod JAAD 53:360-361, 2005 Inflammatory bowel disease Iron deficiency JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Losartan Clin Nephrol 50:197, 1998 Lupus erythematosus, systemic MAGIC syndrome – mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Methotrexate Muckle-Wells syndrome Am J Med Genet 53:72-74, 1994 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Myospherulosis Int J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 22:234-235, 1993

Neutropenia Autoimmune Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78:178-180, 1994 Cyclic Chemotherapy-induced

Nicorandil BJD 138:712-713, 1998 NSAIDS Paracoccidioidomycosis Pemphigus vulgaris Penicillamine Br Dent J 149:180-181, 1980 Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, adenitis (PFAPA) Curr Opin Pediatr 12:563-566, 2000; Curr Opin Pediatr 12:253-256, 2000; J Pediatr 135:98-101, 1999 Piroxicam JAAD 50:648-649, 2004 Pityriasis rosea AD 122:503-504, 1986 Polyarteritis nodosa Primary complex aphthosis Radiation ulcer Reiter’s syndrome Relapsing polychondritis with or without associated Behçet’s disease Am J Med 79:665, 1985; J Rheum 4:559, 1984 Rhinoscleroma Rhinosporidiosis Smoking cessation Tobacco Control 12:86-88, 2003 Sodium lauryl sulfate in dentifrices Steatorrhea BJD 78:546-547, 1966 Sutton’s disease (periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens) AD 133:1162-1163, 1165-1166, 1997 Sweet’s syndrome Syphilis, including endemic syphilis (bejel) Trauma Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) J Ped 146:283-285, 2005 Ulcerative colitis Indian J Gastroenterol 10:88-89, 1991 Ulcus vulvae acutum JAAD 52:500-508, 2005 Vitamin B1, B2, B6, and B12 deficiency Clinics in Derm 17:457-461, 1999; South Med J 83:475-477, 1990 Wegener’s granulomatosis X-linked chronic granulomatous disease – discoid lupus-like lesions of face and hands in female carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease BJD 104:495-505, 1981 Yersinia enterocolita Zinc deficiency Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 72:559-561, 1991

Angioedema AD 134:929-931, 1998 Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody syndrome – polyarthritis, purpuric vasculitis, orogenital ulceration, fingertip necrosis, pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers BJD 134:924-928, 1996 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis AD 107:896, 1973 Bowel arthritis-dermatitis syndrome – pustular vasculitis, erythema nodosum-like lesions; tenosynovitis, non-destructive polyarthritis BJD 142:373-374, 2000; AD 135:1409-1414, 1999; Cutis 63:17-20, 1999; JAAD 14:792-796, 1986; Mayo Clin Proc 59:43-46, 1984; AD 115:837-839, 1979

Common variable immunodeficiency BJD 144:597-600, 2001 Dermatomyositis – bursitis of shoulders and hips, joint effusions Rook p.2558, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 67:287-292, 1979; arthralgias JAAD 51:427-439, 2004 Fogo selvagem (endemic pemphigus) – arthralgias JID 107:68-75, 1996; JAAD 32:949-956, 1995 Hyper-IgE syndrome – hyperextensible joints Pediatr 141:572-575, 2002; Curr Prob Derm 10:41-92, 1998 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (Still’s disease) Med Chir Trans 80:47, 1897

Salmon pink macules, papules Evanescent not migratory With fever Trunk, extremities; pressure areas Usually non-pruritic ‘Resident’s rash’ Misinterpreted as drug rash Koebner phenomenon

Fever, FUO Quotidian – single or double Wide diurnal swings Hyperpyrexia to subnormal temperature Urticaria Clin Rheumatol 19:389-391, 2000

Pharyngitis at presentation Migratory arthritis becomes chronic Lymphadenopathy Leukocytosis, neutrophilic Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (two-thirds of patients with ESR of 100 or greater) Elevated liver function tests Elevated ferritin

Linear IgA disease BJD 119:789-792, 1988 Lupus erythematosus – systemic; discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449,2738, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963 Mixed connective tissue disease Rook p.2545, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 52:148-159, 1972 Morphea Rook p.2507, 1998, Sixth Edition; pansclerotic morphea – mutilating form of morphea AD 116:169-173, 1980; generalized morphea Rook p.2511, 1998, Sixth Edition Relapsing polychondritis

Auricular chondritis Limited to cartilagenous portion of ears Lobules spared Redness may involve retroauricular soft tissues Residual – permanent induration

– cauliflower ear Nasal chondritis

Saddle nose deformity Seronegative, non-destructive arthritis Non-nodular, asymmetric Rarely deformity Polyarthralgia – mimicks rheumatoid arthritis Costal cartilage Sternoclavicular, manubrial-sternal joint

Rheumatoid arthritis-associated lesions Rook p.2566-2568, 1998, Sixth Edition

Rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis Rheumatoid vasculitis Dawson’s palms (palmar erythema) Yellow discoloration of skin Skin transparency Subcutaneous nodules Sweet’s syndrome Erythema elevatum diutinum Pyoderma gangrenosum

Scleroderma – tenderness and swelling of joints as presenting signs Rook p.2566,2738, 1998, Sixth Edition

Serum sickness NEJM 311:1407-1413, 1984; Dermatol Clin 3:107-117, 1985; associated with hepatitis B Arch Int Med 141:623-629, 1981 X-linked chronic granulomatous disease – discoid lupus-like lesions of face and hands in female carriers of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease BJD 104:495-505, 1981 X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia (agammaglobulinemia) J Allergy 33:406-411, 1962

Osteoarthitis – Heberden’s nodes on DIP joints – Bouchard’s nodes on PIP joints

BCG vaccination – morbilliform or purpuric eruptions with arthralgia, abdominal pain BJD 75:181-192, 1963; lichenoid and red papules and papulopustules Ped Derm 13:451-454, 1996 Drug hypersensitivity syndrome AD 132:1315-1321, 1996 Intralesional corticosteroid – periarticular rash Arthritis Rheum 26:231-233, 1983 Isotretinoin therapy for acne vulgaris JAAD 15:1061-1062, 1986 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction – treatment of syphilis, onchocerciasis, Lyme disease, strongyloidiasis AD 125:77-81, 1989; Hautarzt 35:588-590, 1984 Methotrexate osteopathy in low dose treatment of psoriasis AD 132:184-187, 1996 Minocycline hypersensitivity syndrome or lupus-like syndrome Br Med J 312:169-172, 1996; BJ Rheumatol 674-676, 1994; Minocycline-induced p-ANCA+ cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (vasculitis) JAAD 48:311-340, 2003; JAAD 44:198-206, 2001 Non-pigmenting fixed drug eruption Sweet’s syndrome – drug-induced JAAD 34:918-923, 1996

Epoxy resin-associated fibrosis with arthralgia Dermatologica 161:33-44, 1980 Plants – sharp-tipped leaves of palms or yuccas, rose thorns – deeply embedded – septic arthritis mimicking bony tumor J Bone Joint Surg Am 34:386-388, 1952 Sea urchin spine granulomas – initial edema; delayed onset of bluish papules and nodules (granulomas); fusiform swelling of digits (synovitis) Clin Exp Dermatol 2:405-407, 1977; tenosynovitis and arthritis Joint Bone Spine 67:94-100, 2000 Silicone gel breast implants – fever, rash, and arthritis West J Med 167:149-158, 1997

Actinomycosis of long duration Clin Inf Dis 27:889, 1998 Acute bacterial endocarditis Adenovirus infection African histoplasmosis African tick bite fever (Rickettsia africae) – hemorrhagic pustule, purpuric papules; transmitted by Amblyomma ticks) – high fever, arthralgia, myalgia, fatigue, rash in 2-3 days, with eschar, maculopapules, vesicles, and pustules JAAD 48:S18-19, 2003 African trypanosomiasis AD 131:1178-1182, 1995 Arbovirus fever

Dengue fever West Nile fever

O’nyong-Nyong fever – arbovirus; morbilliform eruption, fever, arthritis; sub-Saharan Africa Tyring p.399, 2002 Sindbis – arbovirus; fever, rash, arthritis; Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia Tyring p.399, 2002 Ross river fever Oropouche fever Phlebotomus fever Mayaro fever Mayaro – arbovirus; Brazil and Trinidad Tyring p.399, 2002 Togavirus – morbilliform, maculopapular-petechial (Sindbis BJD 135:320-323, 1996; BJD 80:67-74, 1968; chickungunya Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 49:28-32, 1955; and O’Nyong-Nyong fever Trans R Soc Med Hyg 55:361-373, 1961; bunyavirus fevers) with joint pains

Barmah Forest virus – similar to Ross River virus Med J Aust 152:463-466, 1990 Bee and wasp stings – serum sickness as late onset manifestation NEJM 133:523-527, 1994; J Allergy Clin Immunol 84:331-337, 1989 Bejel (endemic syphilis) Brown recluse spider bite – purpuric morbilliform eruption in children at 24-48 hours JAAD 44:561-573, 2001 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis (Donovanosis) – joint pain and swelling J Clin Inf Dis 25:24-32, 1997 Candida – disseminated Candidiasis JAAD 26:295-297, 1992 Capnocytophaga canimorsus Eur J Epidemiol 12:521-533, 1996 Cat scratch disease – Bartonella henselae; red papule, becomes vesicle, crusts, ulcerates, heals with scar Am J Dis Child 139:1124-1133, 1985; JAMA 154:1247-1251, 1954 Chikungunya fever Tyring p.425,513, 2002; Clin Inf Dis 20:225-231, 1995

Fever, chills, severe pain in large joints Maculopapular eruption of the trunk, extensor surfaces East Africa, India

Coccidioidomycosis Dengue fever (flavivirus) – morbilliform or scarlatiniform eruption on day 3-4, then becomes petechial; classic dengue fever with joint and bone pain (breakbone fever) with severe backache JAAD 49:979-1000, 2003; JAAD 46:430-433, 2002; Bull Soc Pathol Exot 86:7-11, 1993 Dematiaceous fungal infections in organ transplant recipients – all lesions on extremities – bursitis, synovitis

Alternaria Bipolaris hawaiiensis Exophiala jeanselmei, E. spinifera, E. pisciphera, E. castellani Exserohilum rostratum Fonsacaea pedrosoi Phialophora parasitica

Dirofilaria – parasitic rheumatism Cutis 72:269-272, 2003; subcutaneous dirofilariasis JAAD 35:260-262, 1996 Dracunculus – migration of this nematode into joints Dermatol Clinic 7:323-330, 1989 Echovirus Erysipeloid Glanders – Pseudomonas mallei – cellulitis which ulcerates with purulent foul-smelling discharge, regional lymphatics become abscesses; nasal and palatal necrosis and destruction; metastatic papules, pustules, bullae over joints and face, then ulcerate; deep abscesses with sinus tracts occur; polyarthritis, meningitis, pneumonia Rook p.1146-1147, 1998, Sixth Edition Gonococcemia Am Fam Phys 34:77-79, 1986

Acral purpuric vesicles, pustules Gray necrotic centers Hemorrhagic bullae

Mean number of lesions is 10-16 Skin lesions resolve in 3-5 days Polyarticular arthritis, especially wrist, ankle, extensor tendon sheaths, tenosynovitis Monoarticular arthritis Women during or after menses

Helicobacter cinaedi – cellulitis and monoarticular arthritis Clin Inf Dis 20:564-570, 1995 Hepatitis A JAAD 37:659-661, 1997 Hepatitis B JAAD 8:539-548, 1983

Urticaria – ‘yellow hives’ Maculopapular eruption Angioneurotic edema Non-thrombocytopenic petechiae Pruritus Acute migratory or additive polyarthritis Arthritis subsides with onset of jaundice

Hepatitis C associated mixed cryoglobulinema AD 131:1185-1193, 1995; JAAD 34:219-223, 1996; livedo reticularis JAAD 37:659, 1997 HIV-1 acute infection – erythematous macules, morbilliform eruptions on trunk and face, also palms and soles with arthralgias JAAD 28:167-173, 1993; AD 134:1279-1284, 1998 Human bite Human herpesvirus 8 – relapsing inflammatory syndrome; fever, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, edema, arthrosynovitis, exanthema of hands, wrists, and elbows NEJM 353:156-163, 2005 Infectious mononucleosis Tyring p.148, 2002; Ghatan p.171, 2002, Second Edition Lassa fever (arenavirus) – morbilliform or petechial rash with conjunctivitis J Infect Dis 155:445-455, 1985 Leishmaniasis – dactylitis Lemierre’s syndrome (human necrobacillosis) – Fusobacterium necrophorum; suppurative thrombophlebitis of tonsillar and peritonsillar veins and internal jugular vein; oropharyngeal pain, neck swelling, pulmonary symptoms, arthralgias Clin Inf Dis 31:524-532, 2000 Leprosy – polyarthritis, dactylitis with erythema nodosum leprosum JAAD 51:416-426, 2004; AD 138:1607-1612, 2002; Rook p.1227, 1998, Sixth Edition; leprous dactylitis Rook p.1225, 1998, Sixth Edition Lyme disease Clin Inf Dis 31:533-542, 2000

Erythema migrans (erythema chronicum migrans) Tick bite, red papule 3-32 days later, ECM Thigh, groin, axilla Bright red outer borders, flat, raised Central clearing, indurated, vesicular, bullous, necrotic Secondary lesions Multiple annular, smaller, migrate less Lack indurated centers Recurrent skin lesions Borrelial lymphocytoma (blue-red nodule of earlobe, scrotum, breast) Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Arthritis Late manifestation, from several weeks to years later Intermittent, recurring in up to 40% of untreated patients

Lymphogranuloma venereum JAAD 41:511-529, 1999 Melioidosis – Burkholderia pseudomallei; septic arthritis, abscesses, ulcers Clin Inf Dis 31:981-986, 2000 Meningococcemia Ped Derm 13:483-487, 1996; chronic BJD 153:669-671, 2005; Med J Aust 153:556-559, 1990 Moraxella osloensis – gonococcemia-like infection Cutis 21:657-659, 1978

Mumps – adult males Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi) – arthralgia MMWR 52:1224-1226, 2003 Mycetoma Mycobacterium abscessus – breast abscesses with tenosynovitis; erythema over joints associated with intramammary silicone breast implants with serum sickness-like syndrome JAAD 50:450-454, 2004 Mycobacterium haemophilum BJD 149:200-202, 2003; AD 138:229-230, 2002 Mycobacterium kansasii – swollen fingers JAAD 45:620-624, 2001 Mycobacterium marinum J Clin Microbiol 28:2570-2572, 1990 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – lichen scrofulosorum – dactylitis Rook p.1200, 1998, Sixth Edition; yellow to red-brown flat-topped papules, slightly scaly, surmounted with minute pustule; trunk scrofulosorum Ped Derm 17:373-376, 2000; AD 124:1421-1426, 1988; Clin Exp Dermatol 1:391-394, 1976; lupus vulgaris; dactylitis; presenting as tophaceous gout J Rheumatol 16:700-702, 1989 Mycotic aneurysm, femoral – arthritis and purpura Br J Rheumatol 24:364-366, 1985 Nocardia asteroides Ockelbo disease – arthritis, exanthem – due to Dindbis-virus like agent Lancet 1 (8275):795-796, 1982 Onchocerciasis Cutis 65:293-297, 2000 Parvovirus B19 (erythema infectiosum, fifth disease) JAAD 27:466, 1992; J Clin Inf Dis 21:1424-1430, 1995

Adults seldom have typical ‘slapped cheeks’ Papular-purpuric glove and socks syndrome Macular, lacy or reticulate erythema on the extremities Pruritus, sometimes severe, with or without rash in a patient with acute onset arthritis Sudden onset, symmetric polyarthritis, particularly of hands Lupus-like presentation J Rheumatol 19:169-171, 1992

Pasteurella multocida – periocular abscess and cellulitis; tenosynovitis, septic arthritis Am J Ophthalmol 128:514-515, 1999; JAAD 33:1019-1029, 1995 Pogost disease – alphavirus infection with rash and arthritis J Clin Lab Immunol 21:77-82, 1986 Rat bite fever (Streptococcus moniliformis) – acral hemorrhagic pustules JAAD 38:330-332, 1998; septic arthritis MMWR 53:1198-1202, 2005; Clin Orthop 380:173-176, 2000

Erythematous macules, papules 2-3 days after symptoms: Most marked on the extremities, particularly about joints; Measles-like, involves palms and soles

Fever, chills, headache, myalgias, arthritis after rat bite healed Haverhill fever – erythema arthriticum epidemicum (‘Sodoku’) – Spirillium minus

Relapsing fever (tick-borne relapsing fever) – Ornithodoros soft ticks transmitting Borrelia hermsii, B.turicata, or B. parkeri; 1-2-cm rose-colored macules, papules, petechiae, purpura, facial flushing; arthralgias, iritis, myalgia JAAD 49:363-392, 2003; diffuse macular rash Tyring p.438, 2002 Rheumatic fever JAAD 8:724-728, 1983

Abrupt onset polyarthritis, fever in adults One-third of adults have no recollection of pharyngitis Spreading erythematous rings (erythema marginatum) Duration of rash – few hours; pattern changing hourly Trunk and extremities Carditis Migratory arthritis Dramatic response to salicylates

Rocky Mountain spotted fever Ghatan p.244, 2002, Second Edition Roseola – adults Ghatan p.244, 2002, Second Edition Ross River virus disease (togavirus) Clin Rheum Dis 12:369-388, 1986 Rubella, rubella vaccination

1-2 days’ fever, respiratory symptoms, sub-occipital lymphadenopathy Pink-red macular-papular rash Mean duration of rash 3.5 days Generalized eruption, top to bottom Additive symmetric polyarthritis Arthritis, predilection young adult females

Scarlet fever with septic arthritis – Streptococcus pyogenes; scarlatiniform (sandpaper) rash JAAD 39:383-398, 1998; JAAD 21:891-903, 1989 Schistosomiasis (S. japonicum) – Katayama fever – purpura, arthralgia, systemic symptoms BJD 135:110-112, 1996; Dermatol Clin 7:291-300, 1989 Seal finger – painful, swollen red finger; synovitis J Rheumatol 13:647-648, 1986 Sporotrichosis JAAD 28:879-884, 1993; tenosynovitis J Rheumatol 16:550-553, 1989; bursitis Br J Rheumatol 37:461-462, 1998; prepatellar bursal sporotrichosis Clin Inf Dis 31:615-616, 2000 Subacute bacterial endocarditis

Petechiae Splinter hemorrhages, proximal Cryoglobulins causing purpura Vasculitis causing palpable purpura Osler’s node

A painful erythematous nodule with a pale center; suddenly appears, usually on the fingertips; persists for hours to days

Janeway lesion Hemorrhagic and non-tender; may be nodular and commonly occurs on the palms and soles JAAD 22:1088-1090, 1990

Syphilis – secondary Infect Dis Clin North Am 1:83-85, 1987; congenital – osteochondritis – tibia and fibula at birth; later see osteomyelitis syphilitica (syphilitic dactylitis); Clutton’s joint – painless synovitis of the knees; sabre shins Rook p.1254-1255, 1998, Sixth Edition; Higoumenakis’ sign – sternoclavicular swelling in congenital syphilis Varicella – 1-5 large joints, may last up to 3 years J Clin Pathol 45:267-269, 1992 West Nile virus JAAD 51:820-823, 2004 Whipple’s disease – septal panniculitis associated with Whipple’s disease BJD 151:907-911, 2004; subcutaneous Whipple’s disease JAAD 16:188-190, 1987 Yaws – primary, secondary Clin Dermatol 18:687-700, 2000; Rook p.1268-1269, 1998, Sixth Edition; tertiary – osteitis, periostitis of long bones, metacarpals, metatarsals; sabre shins; synovial inflammation and tendinous synovitis of elbows, knees, ankles Rook p.1270-1271, 1998, Sixth Edition Yersiniosis Rook p.2738, 1998, Sixth Edition

Amyloidosis – primary systemic; β2-microglobulin amyloidosis – shoulder pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, flexor tendon deposits of hands, lichenoid papules, hyperpigmentation, subcutaneous nodules (amyloidomas) Int J Exp Clin Inves 4:187-211, 1997 Mastocytosis – arthralgias Ghatan p.171, 2002, Second Edition

Scleromyxedema Dermatol Clin 20:493-501, 2002; JAAD 33:37-43, 1995; linear papules, leonine facies, arthritis and rash, sclerodermoid changes JAAD 44:273-281, 2001 Self-healing (papular) juvenile cutaneous mucinosis – arthralgias JAAD 50:S97-100, 2004; JAAD 44:273-281, 2001; Ped Derm 20:35-39, 2003; Ped Derm 14:460-462, 1997; AD 131:459-461, 1995; JAAD 11:327-332, 1984; Ann DV 107:51-57, 1980

Acute onset, polyarthritis, young age; rapid spontaneous resolution Non-tender ivory white papules of the head, neck, trunk; periarticular Deep nodules on face and periarticular regions Hard periorbital edema, cheek bone areas

Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy – polyarthritis, rash, and lymphadenopathy Clin Rheumatol 17:148-151, 1998 Aphthous stomatitis, recurrent Clin Exper Rheumatol 14:407-412, 1996 Eosinophilic fasciitis – symmetric polyarthritis JAAD 49:1170-1174, 2003; AD 131:1329-1334, 1995 Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome – polyarthritis Rook p.2084, 1998, Sixth Edition Erythema nodosum Rook p.2200, 1998, Sixth Edition; Ann Rheum Dis 19:174-180, 1960; Lofgren’s syndrome – erythema nodosum with sarcoidosis and arthralgias Ped Derm 22:366-368, 2005 Hidradenitis suppurativa spondyloarthropathy Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis with plaques (aka linear rheumatoid nodule, railway track dermatitis, linear granuloma annulare) – red, linear plaques with arthritis JAAD 46:892-899, 2002; linear erythematous cords JAAD 45:286-291, 2001; JAAD 34:957-961, 1996 Pruritic linear urticarial rash, fever, and systemic inflammatory disease of adolescents – urticaria, linear lesions, periorbital edema and erythema, and arthralgia Ped Derm 21:580-588, 2004 Pyoderma gangrenosum – association with rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet’s disease with polyarthritis Rook p.2188, 1998, Sixth Edition; inflammatory bowel disaese AD 125:57-64, 1989; pyoderma gangrenosum, palmoplantar pustulosis, and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Ped Derm 15:435-438, 1998 SAPHO syndrome (pustulosis palmaris plantaris with arthrosteitis) (sternoclavicular osteitis and palmoplantar pustulosis) AD 128:699-700, 1992; JAAD 18:666-671, 1988 Sarcoid AD 111:362, 1975 Clinics in Chest Medicine 18:663-679, 1997; AD 133:882-888, 1997; NEJM 336:1224-1234, 1997

Papules Eyelids, alae nasi Bright red, blue red, brown Annular, lichenoid Maculopapular

Nodules Subcutaneous (Darier-Roussy) Am J Med 85:731-736, 1988

Plaques Lupus pernio Destructive, disfiguring Violaceous ‘Turkey ears’ Associated with chronic progressive fibrotic pulmonary disease, upper respiratory mucosal disease, bone cysts of the fingers, fusiform swelling of the digits; nasal ulceration, septal perforation Verrucous papillomatous

Infiltrated scar Scars of abdomen, neck, TB skin test sites In tattooed areas with onset of systemic sarcoid Cutis 36:423, 1985

Hypopigmentation AD 108:249, 1973 Scaling

Erythroderma Psoriasiform AD 106:896, 1972 Ichthyosiform

Cicatricial alopecia AD 107:758, 1973 Ulcerative sarcoid

Tender punched-out ulcers Ulcers within generalized papules or nodules

Mucosal involvement Angiolupoid sarcoid of Brocq and Pautrier Erythema nodosum, Lofgren’s syndrome Heerfordt’s syndrome – uveoparotid fever JAAD 13:314, 1985 Juvenile sarcoid JAAD 48:S99-102, 2003

Scleromyxedema JAAD 43:403-408, 2000 Ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis

Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (Fabry’s disease (alpha galactosidase A) – X-linked recessive; arthritis of terminal phalanges JAAD 17:883-887, 1987; NEJM 276:1163-1167, 1967 Complement deficiency – deficiency of beta subunit of the eighth component of complement – arthritis and exanthem Arthritis Fheum 37:1704-1706, 1994 Cryoglobulinemia JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Diabetes – neuropathy – Charcot joint; diabetic cheiropathy (stiff joints and waxy skin) NEJM 305:191-194, 1981 Gout Cutis 48:445-451, 1991; Ann Rheum Dis 29:461-468, 1970 Hemochromatosis – arthropathy JAAD 51:205-211, 2004; Hum Molec Genet 9:2377-2382, 2000; Schweiz Med Wochenschr 122:842-849, 1992; AD 113:161-165, 1977; Medicine 34:381-430, 1955 Homocystinuria – joint dysplasia Hyperlipidemia

Type II hyperlipoproteinemia Tendinous xanthomas or nodules

Achilles tendon, patella tendon, extensor tendons of hands and feet Migratory polyarthritis that affects large joints Acute episodes of Achilles tendonitis

Mixed cryoglobulinemia Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (scleromyxedema-like cutaneous fibrosing disorder) – stiff joints and flexion contractures; associated with chronic renal failure with or without hemodialysis JAAD 48:55-60, 2003; JAAD 48:42-47, 2003; Am J Med 114:563-572, 2003; AD 139:903-906, 2003; Am J Dermatopathol 23:383-393, 2001; Lancet 356:1000-1001, 2000 Ochronosis (alkaptonuria) – autosomal recessive; homogentisic acid dioxygenase deficiency JAAD 52:122-124, 2005; NEJM 347:2111-2121, 2002; Rook p.2649, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 34:813-838, 1963

Diaper discoloration with alkaline soap Brown-black cerumen, apocrine, eccrine sweat Gray-blue discoloration of thin skin overlying pigmented cartilage, tendon; nose tip, extensor tendons, ears Scleral discoloration Onset of arthritis in 40s

Males > females Shoulders, knees, hips Spine

Calcified intervertebral discs Lumbar pain, kyphosis, lordosis, sciatica

Oxaluria – primary hyperoxaluria JAAD 49:725-728, 2003; livedo and arthritis) AD 125:551-556, 1989; AD 116:213-214, 1980 Pancreatic panniculitis – periarticular subcutaneous nodules JAAD 45:325-361, 2001; Rook p.2414, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 34:362-364, 1996; J Rheumatol 19:630-632, 1992; Arthritis Rheum 22:547-553, 1979

Subcutaneous erythematous nodules Often tender Legs – posterior, lateral not tibial Buttocks, trunk Occasionally fluctuant Spontaneous breakdown, drain creamy sterile material Arthritis, periarthritis Ankles, feet Fat necrosis

Periarticular Synovial membrane Marrow cavity

Scurvy – hemarthrosis or subperiosteal hemorrhage JAAD 41:895-906, 1999; NEJM 314:892-902, 1986 Sickle cell anemia – dactylitis with unequal growth of digits Rook p.2736, 1998, Sixth Edition Sitosterolemia – arthritis and tuberous xanthomas J Lipid Research 33:945-955, 1992 Vitamin A intoxication – bone aches in children Rook p.2656, 1998, Sixth Edition Waldenström’s hypergammaglobulinemic purpura

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath – strong association with osteoarthritis; multilobulated single or multiple JAAD 43:892, 2000; nodules of the fingers J Dermatol 23:290-292, 1996; J Bone Joint Surg Am 66:76-94, 1984

Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) – arthritis typical of psoriatic arthritis (asymmetric large and small joints with dactylitis) but skin lesion unresponsive to methotrexate J Pediatr 138:602-604, 2001

Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis JAAD 18:881-883, 1987 Progressive and disabling Gingival hypertrophy, stunted growth Osteolytic defects Flexion contractures of the joints

Lymphoma, including cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) – rheumatoid arthritis-like JAAD 51:111-117, 2004; Ann Intern Med 114:571, 1991; Sézary syndrome and seronegative polyarthritis JAAD 48:220-226, 2003 Metastases – metastatic breast cancer presenting with fever, rash, and arthritis Cancer 75:1608-1611, 1995; acrometastases – initial presentation as diffuse ankle pain J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 84:625-627, 1994 Myelodysplastic syndrome – polyarthritis, mononeuritis multiplex, dermatitis Clin Exp Rheumatol 9:629-633, 1991

Paraneoplastic vasculitis J Rheumatol 18:721-727, 1991; in chronic myelogenous leukemia Am J Med 80:1027-1030, 1986

Acne conglobata Ann Intern Med 97:520-525, 1982 Acne fulminans JAAD 28:572-579, 1993; Clin Rheumatol 5:118-123, 1986 Acute parapsoriasis (pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta) (Mucha-Habermann disease) AD 123:1335-1339, 1987; AD 118:478, 1982 Ainhum Cutis laxa – lax joints with hypermobility JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Delayed pressure urticaria – arthralgia Rook p.2130, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 29:954-958, 1993 Erythema elevatum diutinum – arthralgias Cutis 67:381-384, 2001; Ped Derm 15:411-412, 1998; Cutis 93:124-126, 1994 Febrile ulceronecrotic pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta J Rheumatol 16:387-389, 1989 Lamellar ichthyosis – limitation of joint movement, flexion contractures, digital sclerodactyly Rook p.1500, 1998, Sixth Edition Lipoatrophia semicircularis – anterolateral thighs; band-like circular depression; lipoatrophy of ankles BJD 105:591-593, 1981; JAAD 39:879-881, 1998 Pachydermodactyly – benign superficial fibromatosis Ped Derm 13:288-291, 1996 Pityriasis rubra pilaris Arthr Rheum 42:1998-2001, 1999 Psoriasis – psoriatic arthritis – peripheral asymmetric oligoarthritis, distal interphalangeal arthritis, symmetrical rheumatoid arthritis-like polyarthritis, arthritis mutilans, spondylitis or sacroiliitis Rook p.1645-1646, 1998, Sixth Edition; Semin Arthritis Rheum 3:55-78, 1973; pustular palmoplantar – chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis JAAD 12:927-930, 1985; Dermatologica 159:37-45, 1979; sternoclavicular hyperostosis (SAPPHO) J Bone Joint Surg Am 68:103-112, 1986 Psoriatic onycho-pachydermo-periostitis AD 132:176-180, 1996 Pustulosis palmaris plantaris JAAD 18:666-671, 1988 Scleredema of Buschke (pseudoscleroderma) – stiffness and restricted movement of joints JAAD 11:128-134, 1984

AHA syndrome (arthritis or arthralgia, hives, angioedema) Rheumatol Int 7:277-279, 1987 Anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome (anticardiolipin antibody syndrome) Lupus 4Suppl1:S27-31, 1995 Apert’s syndrome Behçet’s disease JAAD 41:540-545, 1999; JAAD 40:1-18, 1999; NEJM 341:1284-1290, 1999; JAAD 36:689-696, 1997; Ped Derm 11:95-101, 1994

Major – Oral ulceration Genital ulceration Ocular lesions Skin lesions

Minor – Gastrointestinal lesions Thrombophlebitis Cardiovascular lesions Arthritis CNS lesions Family history

Oral ulcers J Oral Pathol 7:347, 1978 Minor aphthous ulcers

1-5 painful Lip, tongue, cheeks, floor of mouth

Major aphthous ulcers 1-10 very painful 10-30 mm

Fauces, soft palate Last up to 6 weeks Heal with scarring

Genital ulcers Male, superficial, painful Scrotum, rarely glans penis Female, often painless Vagina, cervix

Ocular lesions Iridocyclitis with hypopion Conjunctivitis Choroiditis Blindness

Skin lesions Ulcerations Folliculitis, acneform eruption Pathergy ‘Erythema nodosum’ Erythema multiforme

Arthritis Asymmetric, non-destructive polyarthritis Poor response to standard therapy Knees >> ankles, elbows, wrists

Benign joint hypermobility syndrome – arthralgia, joint dislocation, hyperextensible skin, laxity of eyelids, normal skin texture and thickness (unlike Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) J Rheumatol 13:239-243, 1986 Blau syndrome – autosomal dominant; generalized papular eruption with granuloma formation; granulomatous arthritis, synovial cysts, iritis, rash; resembles childhood sarcoid – red papules, uveitis; chromosome 16p12-q21 JAAD 49:299-302, 2003; Am J Hum Genet 76:217-221, 1998; Am J Hum Genet 59:1097-1107, 1996 Borrone dermatocardioskeletal syndrome – autosomal recessive or X-linked; gingival hypertrophy, coarse facies, late eruption of teeth, loss of teeth, thick skin, acne conglobata, osteolysis, large joint flexion contractures, short stature, brachydactyly, camptodactyly, mitral valve prolapse, congestive heart failure Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome – joint stiffness BJD 144:890-893, 2001; JID 99:129-137, 1992 Camptodactyly – flexion deformity of PIP joint of one or more fingers; may be associated with inflammatory arthritis; Blau’s syndrome – familial camptodactyly, granulomatous arthritis, uveitis, red rash Am J Dis Child 147:842-848, 1993; Weaver syndrome – camptodactyly with unusual facies, hoarse low-pitched cry, hypertonia J Pediatr 84:547-552, 1974 Chromosome 6q deletion syndrome – joint laxity Hum Hered 27:242-246, 1977 Chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome (CINCA) (neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disorder (NOMID)) – urticarial rash at birth, arthropathy, uveitis, mental retardation, short stature Ped Derm 22:222-226, 2005; AD 136:431-433, 2000; Eur J Ped 156:624-626, 1997; J Pediatr 99:79-83, 1981; IOMID – infantile-onset multisystem inflammatory disease – arthropathy, rash, and central nervous system involvement AD 136:1487-1494, 2000 Congenital fascial dystrophy (stiff skin syndrome) – hirsutism, limited joint mobility, localized areas of stony hard skin of buttocks and legs JAAD 21:943-950, 1989; restrictive dermopathy – autosomal recessive – joint contractures AD 134:577-579, 1998

Conradi’s disease (chondrodysplasia punctata) – stiff joints Hautarzt 30:590-594, 1979 Costello syndrome – hyperextensible fingers, warty papules around nose and mouth, legs, perianal skin; loose skin of neck, hands, and feet; acanthosis nigricans; low-set protuberant ears, thick palmoplantar surfaces with single palmar crease, gingival hyperplasia, hypoplastic nails, moderately short stature, craniofacial abnormalities, sparse curly hair, perianal and vulvar papules, diffuse hyperpigmentation, generalized hypertrichosis, multiple nevi Ped Derm 20:447-450, 2003; JAAD 32:904-907, 1995; Aust Paediat J 13:114-118, 1977 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – joint hypermobility and laxity Rook p.2032-2038, 1998, Sixth Edition

Hyperextensibility of skin Soft velvety skin Poor wound healing

Thinned atrophic scars, cigarette paper scars Pseudotumor

Thin, translucent skin Easy bruisability Varicose veins Joint laxity, hyperextensible joints, scoliosis

Pes planus (flat feet) Osteoarthritis – age 30-40

Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (familial cold urticaria) BJD 150:1029-1031, 2004 Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III) – Charcot joints BMJ iv:277-278, 1967 Familial histiocytic dermatoarthritis syndrome – uveitis, destructive arthritis; papulonodular eruption Am J Med 54:793-800, 1973 Familial Mediterranean fever Medicine 77:268-297, 1998; AD 134:929-931, 1998; QJMed 75:607-616, 1990; autosomal recessive; erysipelas-like erythema – mutation in pyrin/marenostrin JAAD 42:791-795, 2000; AD 136:1487-1494, 2000 Familial partial lipodystrophy, mandibuloacral dysplasia variety – autosomal recessive; short stature, high pitched voice, mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, dental anomalies, acroosteolysis, stiff doints, cutaneous atrophy, alopecia, nail dysplasia Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Farber’s disease (lipogranulomatosis) – deformed or stiff joints and periarticular subcutaneous nodules; coarse facial features Ped Derm 21:154-159, 2004; Eur J Ped 157:515-516, 1998; AD 130:1350-1354, 1994 Fibroblastic rheumatism – symmetric sero-negative destructive polyarthritis; cutaneous nodules, 5-20 mm of palmar or dorsal surface of hands always present; always resolve in 6 months to years Ped Derm 19:532-535, 2002; AD 131:710-712, 1995; JAAD 14:1086-1088, 1986 François syndrome GEMSS syndrome – autosomal dominant; glaucoma, lens ectopia, microspherophakia, stiff joints, shortness, gingival hypertrophy, flexion contractures of joints, osteolytic defects, stunted growth, stocky pseudoathletic build, sclerosis of upper back and extremities AD 131:1170-1174, 1995 Granulomatous synovitis, uveitis, and cranial neuropathies – JABS syndrome – autosomal dominant J Pediatr 117:403-408, 1990 Hyper-IgD syndrome – autosomal recessive; red macules or papules, urticaria, red nodules, urticaria, combinations of periodic fever, arthritis, arthralgias, and rash, annular erythema, and pustules, abdominal pain with vomiting and diarrhea, lymphadenopathy; elevated IgD and IgA – mevalonate kinase deficiency Ped Derm 22:138-141, 2005; AD 136:1487-1494,

2000; AD 130:59-65, 1994; Medicine 73:133-144, 1994; Lancet 1:1084-1090, 1984 Hystrix-like keratosis with nail and joint involvement Dermatology 192:321-324, 1996 Infantile restrictive dermopathy – autosomal recessive; taut shiny skin with flexion of joints Eur J Ped 155:987-989, 1996; Am J Med Genet 24:631-648, 1986 Infantile systemic hyalinosis – autosomal recessive; synophrys, thickened skin, red papules, focal skin nodularity with perianal nodules, dusky red plaques of buttocks, gingival hypertrophy, joint contractures, juxta-articular nodules (knuckle pads), osteopenia, growth failure, with failure to thrive, diarrhea, recurrent infections, death in infancy JAAD 50:S61-64, 2004; Ped Derm 18:534-536, 2001 Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (infantile systemic hyalinosis) – nodular perianal lesions, ears, lips, gingival hypertrophy, hyperpigmentation, flexion contractures of joints, osteolytic defects, stunted growth Ped Derm 18:400-402, 2001; Dermatology 190:148-151, 1995; Ped Derm 11:52-60, 1994; AD 112:86-88, 1976 Kabuki makeup syndrome – short stature, distinct face (long palpebral fissures, eversion of the lower eyelids, sparse arched lateral eyebrows, prominent malformed ears), cutis laxa, hyperextensible joints, syndactyly, fetal finger pads with abnormal dermatoglyphics, mental retardation JAAD S247-251, 2005; Am J Med Genet 94:170-173, 2000; Am J Med Genet 31:565-589, 1988; J Pediatr 105:849-850, 1984; J Pediatr 99:565-569, 1981 Kawasaki’s disease Kindler’s syndrome – joint laxity AD 140:939-944, 2004 MAGIC syndrome Marfan’s syndrome – joint hypermobility, tight joints with contractures JAAD 46:161-183, 2002; Int J Dermatol 28:291-299, 1989 McCune-Albright’s syndrome (polyostotic fibrous dysplasia) Rook p.2739, 1998, Sixth Edition Moore-Federman syndrome – short stature, stiffness of joints, characteristic facies J Med Gen 26:320-325, 1989 Muckle-Wells syndrome – aching joints, deafness, amyloid neuropathy, cold air urticaria, conjunctivitis BJD 151:99-104, 2004; JAAD 39:290-291, 1998, BJD 100:87-92, 1979 Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (reticulohistiocytoma cutis – destructive arthritis with rheumatoid-like nodules) AD 140:919-921, 2004; Rook p.2325-2326, 1998, Sixth Edition; Clin Exp Dermatol 15:1-6, 1990; Pathology 17:601-608, 1985; JAAD 11:713-723, 1984; AD 97:543-547, 1968

Brown papulonodules Face and hands common; coral beads around nail folds Periarticular areas characteristic Nodules decrease in cephalocaudal direction One-half with mucosal lesions Non-pruritic One-third with xanthelasma Arthritis and joint damage rapidly progressive One-half with arthritis mutilans Burnt out after 6-8 years

Nail-patella syndrome Rook p.2833, 1998, Sixth Edition NERDS – nodules, eosinophilia, rheumatism, dermatitis, and swelling Dermatology 191:133-138, 1995 Oligodontia, keratitis, skin ulceration, and arthroosteolysis Am J Med Genet 15:205-210, 1983 Osteogenesis imperfecta Rook p.2739, 1998, Sixth Edition Pachydermodactyly – swollen fingers (fibromatosis) JAAD 38:359-362, 1998

Pachydermoperiostosis JAAD 38:359-362, 1998 Spade-like enlargement of hands and feet Warmth of fingertips, paronychia Excessive sweating of hands and feet Coarsening facial features mimicking acromegaly

Leonine facies, worried or angry look Cutis verticis gyrata

Palmar plantar keratoderma Greasiness to skin Clubbing + periostitis + acromegalic features Asymptomatic periosteal reaction Mild arthralgia Severe deep-seated aching or burning pain, aggravated by dependency

Tenderness over distal long bones Insidious onset, mild rheumatic complaints Idiopathic, suppurative pulmonary disease Rapidly progressive, prominent joint pain Malignant disease

PAPA syndrome – pyoderma gangrenosum, cystic acne, aseptic arthritis; sterile abscesses at injection sites; mutation in CD2 binding protein-1 Ped Derm 22:262-265, 2005; Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13501-13506, 2003; Mayo Clin Proc 72:611-615, 1997 Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome Ped Derm 15:413, 1998 Periodic fever BJD 151:99-104, 2004 POEMS syndrome – bilateral Charcot joints Dtsch Med Wochenschr 124:346-350, 1999 Progeria (Hutchinson-Guilford syndrome) AD 125:540-544, 1989 Proteus syndrome – skeletal overgrowth of arms and legs limiting joint mobility AD 140:947-953, 2004 Pseudoacromegaly – autosomal recessive; skin ulcers, arthro-osteolysis, keratitis, oligodontia Am J Med Genet 15:205-210, 1983 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy – limited joint mobility Cutis 68:179-182, 2001 Reiter’s syndrome

Circinate balanitis Asymptomatic oral mucosal erosions Keratoderma blenorrhagica Pustular psoriasis Psoriasiform plaques Nail changes Geographic tongue Seronegative non-suppurative arthritis – polyarticular knees, ankles, metatarsophalangeal, sacroiliac joints; relative sparing of hands and wrists; occasionally monoarticular Rook p.2764, 1998 Spondylitis Achilles tendonitis Plantar fasciitis Sausage digits – dactylitis

Relapsing polychondritis – may mimic rheumatoid arthritis Clin Rheumatol 6:453-457, 1987; Medicine 55:193-216, 1976 REM syndrome (reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome) Acta DV 66:442-445, 1986 Rosai-Dorfman syndrome Am J Clin Pathol 82:515-525, 1984 SAPHO syndrome – palmoplantar pustulosis with sternoclavicular hyperostosis; acne fulminans, acne conglobata, hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, multifocal osteitis Cutis 71:63-67, 2003; Cutis 64:253-258, 1999; Cutis 62:75-76, 1998; Rev Rheum Mal Osteoarthritic 54:187-196, 1987; Clin Rheumatol 5:118-123, 1986; Ann Rev Rheum Dis 40:547-553, 1981

Schnitzler’s syndrome – monoclonal IgM kappa light chain macroglobulinemia, intermittent fever, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, hyperostosis, peripheral neuropathy J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 16:267-270, 2002 Schopf-Schulze-Passarges syndrome Self-healing juvenile mucinosis Ped Derm 14:460-462, 1997 SHORT syndrome – short stature, hyperextensible joints, ocular depression, Reiger (ocular and dental) anomaly, teething delay, loss of subcutaneous fat of face, upper extremities, chest and Sjögren’s syndrome Rook p.2572, 1998, Sixth Edition Soto’s syndrome – joint hyperextensibility; cutis laxa; cerebral gigantism J Med Genet 36:51-56, 1999 Stiff skin syndrome – joint contractures Ped Derm 20:339-341, 2003; Ped Derm 19:67-72, 2002 Sweet’s syndrome JAAD 23:494-498, 1990; Arthritis Rheum 18:35-41, 1975; BJD 76:349-356, 1964; including drug-induced Sweet’s syndrome – red plaques, nasal ulcers, perianal ulcers – celecoxib, G-CSF, all-trans retinoic acid JAAD 45:300-302, 2001 Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome I – autosomal dominant; pearshaped nose, tubercle of normal skin below the lower lip, fusiform swelling of the PIP joints; fine brittle sparse hair, eyebrows sparse laterally, dense medially, short stature JAAD 31:331-336, 1994 Tuberous sclerosis – pseudocysts of the phalanges Rook p.2739, 1998, Sixth Edition Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1-associated periodic fever syndromes (TRAPS) (same as familial Hibernian fever, autosomal dominant periodic fever with amyloidosis, and benign autosomal dominant familial periodic fever) – erythematous patches, tender red plaques, fever, annular, serpiginous, polycyclic, reticulated, and migratory patches and plaques (migrating from proximal to distal), urticaria-like lesions, lesions resolving with ecchymoses, conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain, headache; Irish and Scottish predominance; mutation in TNFRSF1A – gene encoding 55kDa TNF receptor AD 136:1487-1494, 2000 Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome J Ped Orthop 6:133-138, 1986 Weill-Marchesani syndrome Wells’ syndrome JAAD 52:187-189, 2005; Trans St. Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 57:46-56, 1971 Werner’s syndrome Rook p.2739, 1998, Sixth Edition Winchester syndrome – systemic hyalinosis with joint contractures JAAD 50:S53-56, 2004

Dwarfism, osteolysis, corneal opacities Osteoporosis Rheumatoid-like joint destruction Hyperpigmentation Hypertrichosis Thickening of the skin Widespread nodular lesions Am J Med Genet 26:123-131, 1987J Pediatr 84:701-709, 1974; Pediatrics 47:360-369, 1971

Eosinophilia myalgia syndrome (L-tryptophan related) – arthralgia Int J Dermatol 31:223-228, 1992; Mayo Clin Proc 66:457-463, 1991; Ann Intern Med 112:758-762, 1990 Hypervitaminosis A – bone pain Arch Intern Med 112:462-466, 1963 Polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning – chloracne, goiter, arthritis, and anemia Environ Health Perspect 107:715-719, 1999

Familial cold urticaria – autosomal dominant AD 129:343-346, 1993 Pachydermodactyly due to obsessive compulsive behavior AD 130:387, 1994

vs. spina ventosa, osteitis multiplex cystoides Jungling, true knuckle pads, tuberous sclerosis

Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy Churg-Strauss disease – arthralgia BJD 127:199-204, 1992 Henoch-Schönlein purpura JAAD 48:311-340, 2003; Ped Derm 15:357-359, 1998; Ped Derm 12:314-317, 1995; Am J Dis Child 99:833-854, 1960 Lymphostasis verrucosa cutis (chronic lymphedema, multiple causes) – brawny edema with impaired small joint mobility Rook p.2285, 1998, Sixth Edition Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis – congenital appearance of hundreds of flat vascular papules and and plaques associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, thrombocytopenia with bone and joint involvement; spontaneous resolution J Pediatr Orthop 24:87-91, 2004 Polyarteritis nodosa, systemic or cutaneous Ped Derm 15:103-107, 1998; Ann Rheum Dis 54:134-136, 1995; cutaneous (livedo with nodules) – arthritis; arthralgias; painful or asymptomatic red or skin-colored multiple nodules with livedo reticularis of feet, legs, forearms face, scalp, shoulders, trunk BJD 146:694-699, 2002; microscopic PAN JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Urticarial vasculitis, including urticarial vasculitis associated with mixed cryoglobulins, hepatitis B or C infection, IgA multiple myeloma, infectious mononucleosis, monoclonal IgM gammopathy (Schnitzler’s syndrome), fluoxetine ingestion, metastatic testicular teratoma, serum sickness, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematous – arthralgias, arthritis JAAD 49:S283-285, 2003; JAAD 38:899-905, 1998; Medicine 74:24-41, 1995; JAAD 26:441-448, 1992; hypocomplementemic vasculitis (urticarial vasculitis) – arthralgias JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Vasculitis – leukocytoclastic vasculitis AD 134:309-315, 1998 Venous leg ulcers and arthropathy Br J Rheumatol 29:142-144, 1990 Wegener’s granulomatosis Br Med J ii:265-270, 1958

ATRICHIA AND NAIL ABNORMALITIES Ped Derm 5:236-342, 1988 Agammaglobulinema, dwarfism, ectodysplasia Alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis, deafness Alopecia, onychodysplasia, hypohidrosis Arthrogryphosis and ectodermal dysplasia Atrichia with nail dystrophy, abnormal facies and retarded psychomotor development Atrichia with papular lesions – autosomal recessive Atrichia – isolated atrichia – autosomal dominant; autosomal recessive Dermotrichic syndrome Ectodysplasia with severe mental retardation

GAPO – autosomal recessive Hayden’s syndrome Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia of Clouston – autosomal dominant Infantile progeria – autosomal recessive Odonto-onychodysplasia with alopecia Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and alopecia Skeletal anomalies, ectodermal dysplasia, growth and mental retardation Tricho-onychodysplasia with keratoderma X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia

ATROPHIC GLOSSITIS Acrodermatitis enteropathica Ped Derm 19:180-182, 2002; J Oral Pathol Med 23:168-171, 1994; AD 116:562-564, 1980; Dermatologica 156:155-166, 1978; acquired zinc deficiency AIDS Alcoholism – chronic alcoholism Rook p.3095, 1998, Sixth Edition; Diseases of the Tongue 1986, Van der Waal/Pinburg Amyloidosis Dermatol Clin 21:123-124, 2003 Betel nut chewing – smooth tongue JAAD 37:81-88, 1998 Bidi smokers in India J Oral Pathol Med 18:475-480, 1989 Bullous diseases, chronic Cancer chemotherapy Candidiasis Rook p.3101, 1998, Sixth Edition; post-open heart surgery atrophic glossitis Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 22:143-144, 1988 Celiac disease Dermatol Clin 21:123-124, 2003 Coliform bacteria – Pseudomonas, Klebsiella species, Proteus J Oral Pathol Med 23:168-171, 1994 Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis healing with reticulated supple scarring – atrophic tongue, anonychia AD 121:361-367, 1985 Corticosteroids – inhaled Am Rev Resp Dis 141:S89-96, 1990 Cronkhite-Canada syndrome – smooth tongue Cutis 61:229-232, 1998 Deficiency of:

Folic acid Rook p.3057, 1998, Sixth Edition; J Gen Intern Med 6:137-140, 1991 Iron J Nutrition 120:28, 1999; Rook p.2666, 1998, Sixth Edition; transferrin deficiency Niacin – pellagra Int J Derm 43:1-5, 2004; JCI 31:533-542, 1952 Pyridoxine (B6) Riboflavin (B2) – tongue is purple, red, and smooth Clinics in Derm 17:457-461, 1999; J Gen Intern Med 6:137-140, 1991; AD 112:70-72, 1976 Thiamine J Gen Intern Med 6:137-140, 1991; JCI 31:533-542, 1952 Vitamin A J Gen Intern Med 6:137-140, 1991 Vitamin B12 – pernicious anemia Ann DV 130:191-194, 2003; Bolognia p.1095, 2003; Rook p.3096, 1998, Sixth Edition Vitamin E J Am College Nutrition 12:14-20, 1993 Zinc

Dyskeratosis congenita Epidermolysis bullosa, recessive dystrophic – symblepharon Epidermolysis Bullosa:Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer p.135-151, 1992

Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III) – absent fungiform papillae AD 89:190-195, 1964 Geographic tongue J Am Dent Assoc 115:421-424, 1987 Glucagonoma syndrome – alpha cell tumor in the tail of the pancreas; 50% of cases have metastasized by the time of diagnosis; skin rash, angular stomatitis, cheilosis, beefy red glossitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, alopecia, crumbling nails; rarely, associated with MEN I or IIA syndromes AD 133:909, 912, 1997; JAAD 12:1032-1039, 1985; Ann Intern Med 91:213-215, 1979 Graft vs. host reaction, chronic AD 134:602-612, 1998 Lichen planus – loss of filiform papillae J Oral Pathol 14:431-458, 1985 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Ghatan p.93, 2002, Second Edition Lingual nerve damage Br Dent J 167:332, 1989 Malabsorption Rook p.3095,3120, 1998, Sixth Edition Malnutrition Median rhomboid glossitis (central papillary atrophy of the tongue) Rook p.3107-3108, 1998, Sixth Edition; Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 15:32-325, 1986 Morphea, linear (en coup de sabre) Rook p.2505-2506, 1998, Sixth Edition Pernicious anemia Rook p.3120, 1998, Sixth Edition Plummer-Vinson syndrome – iron deficiency Protein/calorie deficiency Age Aging 29:47-50, 2000; J Gen Intern Med 6:137-140, 1991 Pseudoglucagonoma syndrome due to malnutrition AD 141:914-916, 2005 Riley-Day Syndrome – smooth tongue; absent fungiform papillae Cesk Pediatrics 46;347-348, 1991 Romberg syndrome Arch Neurol 39:44-49, 1982 Scleroderma Sjögren’s syndrome Dermatol Clin 21:123-124, 2003; Rook p.2572, 1998, Sixth Edition Squamous cell carcinoma Ghatan p.93, 2002, Second Edition Staphylococcus aureus J Oral Pathol Med 23:168-171, 1994 Submucous fibrosis Syphilis, tertiary Diseases of the Tongue 1986, Van der Waal/Pinburg; OSOMOP 30:192-195, 1970 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, healed Traumatic atrophic glossitis (Riga-Fede disease) Cesk Pediatr 46:347-348, 1991 Vitamin A intoxication Xerostomia in terminally ill patients Oral Oncol 34:123-126, 1998

Common variable immunodeficiency (Gottron-like papules) – granulomas presenting as acral red papules and plaques with central scaling, scarring, atrophy, ulceration Cutis 52:221-222, 1993 Dermatomyositis – panniculitis; nodules and plaques on arms, thighs, buttocks, abdomen with lipoatrophy AD 127:1846-1847, 1991; JAAD 23:127-128, 1990;

association with hypocomplementemia (C3 nephritic factor) NEJM 294:461-465, 1976; associated with partial lipodystrophy JAAD 28:348-351, 1993; asymmetric lipoatrophy JAAD 22:966-969, 1990; longstanding dermatomyositis – lipodystrophy-like appearance (hirsutism, loss of subcutaneous fat, acanthosis nigricans); lipoatrophy in juvenile dermatomyositis JAAD 22:966-969, 1990 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita JAAD 24:706-714, 1991; extensive scarring and mutilation in EBA AD 131:590-595, 1995 Graft vs. host disease, chronic – atrophic plaques JAAD 38:369-392, 1998; anetoderma AD 138:924-934, 2002 Lupus erythematosus – discoid lupus erythematosus Rook p.2444-2449, 1998, Sixth Edition; NEJM 269:1155-1161, 1963; DLE with spindly atrophy of fingers with hyperextension of distal phalanges Rook p.2448, 1998, Sixth Edition; lupus panniculitis (lupus profundus) – atrophic scarring J Cutan Pathol 28:235-247, 2001; Lupus 10:514-516, 2001; J Rheumatol 26:68-72, 1999; AD 103:231-242, 1971; lupus profundus with secondary anetoderma Rook p.2451, 1998, Sixth Edition; neonatal lupus Ped Derm 15:38-42, 1998; generalized elastolysis with SLE JAAD 8:869-873, 1983; nodular cutaneous lupus mucinosis – atrophie blanche-like lesions J Dermatol 21:674-679, 1994; secondary anetoderma with SLE, DLE, or lupus profundus Ann DV 115:679-685, 1988; partial lipodystrophy – association with hypocomplementemia (C3 nephritic factor) NEJM 294:461-465, 1976; tumid lupus (lupus erythematosus telangiectoides) – reticulate telangiectasias of face, neck ears, hands, breasts, heels, sides of feet; punctate atrophy JAAD 41:250-253, 1999; Rook p.2447, 1998, Sixth Edition; discoid lupus with annular atrophic plaques of face, neck, behind ears AD 112:1143-1145, 1976; neonatal lupus Ped Derm 22:240-242, 2005 Mixed connective tissue disease Morphea – subcutaneous morphea leading to deep atrophy Rook p.2504, 1998, Sixth Edition; linear (en coup de sabre) Rook p.2505-2506, 1998, Sixth Edition; generalized morphea Rook p.2511, 1998, Sixth Edition; pansclerotic morphea – marked decrease of subcutaneous fat; reduced acral bone density Ped Derm 19:151-154, 2002 Rheumatoid arthritis – generalized thinning of skin (transparent skin) JAAD 53:191-209, 2005; Rook p.2004,2006, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Med 54:445-452, 1973; Ann Rheum Dis 24:219-223, 1965 Scleroderma – atrophy of skin of face, hands; sclerodactyly with tapered fingers; atrophy of terminal phalanges Rook p.2528, 1998, Sixth Edition; pitted scars of finger tips (acral pits), ulnar border of thumb, radial borders of second and third fingers, dorsal fingers over joints; sclerosis with atrophic phalanges; mandibular atrophy Dermatology 187:104-108, 1993; atrophie blanche around ankles

Acromial dimples Ped Derm 9:321-323, 1992; autosomal dominant Hum Genet 76:206, 1987

Supraspinous (acromial) dimples Chromosome 18 long arm deletion syndrome Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB) Russell Silver syndrome Trisomy 9p

Amniocentesis – punctate scars and dimples Ped Derm 2:140-142, 1984; Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:247-252, 1976 Atrophic linear bands (acquired raised bands of infancy) – associated with amniotic bands Ped Derm 22:346-349, 2005 Atrophic nails, congenital Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Congenital anetoderma in twins JAAD 36:483-485, 1997

Congenital constriction band of the trunk (variant of amniotic band syndrome) Ped Derm 14:470-472, 1997 Congenital enteric sinus cyst (split notochord syndrome) – pit Ped Derm 20:221-224, 2003 Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatitis with reticulate supple scarring JAAD 32:873-877, 1995, Ped Derm 15:214-218, 1998; JAAD 17:369-376, 1987; AD 121:361-367, 1985 Congenital varicella syndrome – atrophic scarred limb Congenital cutis laxa – abdomen; dysplasia of abdominal muscles Rook p.2017, 1998, Sixth Edition Dorsal dermal sinus Facial fusion defect Linear telangiectatic erythema and mild atrophoderma Cutis 39:69-70, 1987 Melanocytic nevus – hypoplasia underlying a giant congenital melanocytic nevus Ped Derm 17:387-390, 2000 Midline cervical clefts – vertically oriented atrophic area of lower anterior neck, associated skin tags or sinus tracts, fibrous bands connect to platysma muscle AD 141:1161-1166, 2005; Int J Derm 19:479-486, 1980 Myelomeningocoele Pre-auricular skin defects AD 133:1551-1554, 1997 Ring chromosome 13 syndrome – scalp defect Sacral dimples Spinal dysraphism with overlying dimple, sinus, lipoma, faun tail nevus, dermoid cyst, hemangioma, port wine stain AD 112:1724-1728, 1976 Sternal cleft (congenital midline presternal atrophic defect of the chest) – congenital atrophic dimple or scar of upper chest Supraumbilical cleft Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.120, 2001 Trisomy 13 – scalp defects Varicella – scarring over dermatomes, limb hypoplasia, low birth weight, mild mental retardation, cataract, chorioretinitis Lancet i:1547-1550, 1994

Age-related fine wrinkling (crinkling) and laxity Rook p.2004,2019, 1998, Sixth Edition

Atrophic scars secondary to drug eruption Bleomycin – scaly linear erythema of dorsa of hands with atrophy and telangiectasia (dermatomyositis-like) JAAD 48:439-441, 2003 Corticosteroid atrophy – systemic, intralesional, topical corticosteroids Rook p.2006-2007,3550, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 126:1013-1014, 1990; perilesional linear atrophic streaks Ped Derm 4:259-260, 1987; linear atrophy due to intralesional corticosteroid injections of de Quervain tendonitis Cutis 73:197-198, 2004; oral, inhaled, topical-induced acne rosacea – papules, pustules, atrophy, telangiectasia Clin Exp Dermatol 18:148-150, 1993; AD Forsch 247:29-52, 1973; multifocal lipoatrophy due to intravenous cortisol JAAD 46:S130-132, 2002; striae; intra-articular corticosteroid injection Hydroxyurea – atrophic, scaling, poikilodermatous patches with erosions on the backs of the hands, sides of the feet JAAD 45:321-322, 2001; atrophy of skin and subcutaneous tissue JAAD 36:178-182, 1997

Indinivir (protease inhibitor) – striae JAAD 41:467-469, 1999; lipodystrophy and abnormal fat distribution (crix belly – central adiposity) JAAD 46:284-293, 2002 Insulin injection lipoatrophy – dimple or more extensive area of atrophy Ped Derm 11:310-314, 1994 Methimazole and carbimazole – aplasia cutis congenita Ped Derm 3:327-330, 1986 Methotrexate – semicircular lipoatrophy Ped Derm 19:432-435, 2002 Misoprostol – extensive frontotemporal defects of scalp and temporal bones Clin Dysmorphol 2:76-80, 1993 Nelfinavir (protease inhibitor) – lipodystrophy and abnormal fat distribution (crix belly – central adiposity); striae JAAD 46:284-293, 2002 Penicillamine dermatopathy AD 125:92-97, 1989 Phytonadione (fat soluble vitamin K) injection – sclerodermiform atrophic plaques AD 137:957-962, 2001; AD 121:1421-1423, 1985; Cutis 43:364-368, 1989; JAAD 38:322-324, 1998; Cutis 61:81-83, 1998 Protease inhibitors – facial lipoatrophy BJD 142:496-500, 2000; lipodystrophy of face, arms, legs, and buttocks with central fat accumulation of abdomen, breasts, and dorsocervical fat pad JAAD 50:809-810, 2004 Saltpeter-induced PXE like changes Saquinavir (protease inhibitor) – lipodystrophy and abnormal fat distribution (crix belly – central adiposity); striae JAAD 46:284-293, 2002

Coal tar products – pitch, asphalt, creosote – diffuse melanosis of exposed skin; evolves to atrophy, telangiectasia, lichenoid papules, follicular keratosis Rook p.1791, 1998, Sixth Edition Smoker’s face – linear wrinkling and atrophy AD 128:255-262, 1992

AIDS – lipoatrophy of face, arms, and legs (associated with increase fat of abdomen) JAAD 42:727-730, 2000 Botryomycosis – granulomatous reaction to bacteria with granule formation; single or multiple abscesses of skin and subcutaneous tissue break down to yield multiple sinus tracts; small papule; heals with atrophic scars; extremities, perianal sinus tracts, face Int J Dermatol 22:455-459, 1983; AD 115:609-610, 1979 Chronic tropical folliculitis Herpes simplex; congenital herpes simplex infection due to intrauterine infection – generalized cigarette paper atrophy J Pediatr 110:97-101, 1987; Ped Derm 4:336-340, 1987 HIV disease – anetoderma AD 128:661-662, 1992 Leprosy – secondary anetoderma; Lucio’s phenomenon – atrophic scars JAAD 48:958-961, 2003 Lyme borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi) – acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – red to blue nodules or plaques; tissue-paper-like wrinkling; pigmented; poikilodermatous; hands, feet, elbows, knees; subcutaneous nodules of elbows and knees, with ulnar fibrous bands; sclerosis of lower legs with ulceration JAAD 49:363-392, 2003; BJD 121:263-269, 1989; Int J Derm 18:595-601, 1979 Molluscum contagiosum, healed – cribriform scarring BJD 144:1094-1095, 2001

Onchocerciasis – atrophic changes earliest of buttock, shoulders, and legs; fine wrinkling and xerotic skin AD 140:1161-1166, 2004; JAAD 45:435-437, 2001; BJD 121:187-198, 1989; atrophic white macules, ‘hanging groin’ due to destruction of elastic fibers Cutis 65:293-297, 2000 Pinta – late secondary phase hypopigmented, depigmented hyperpigmented atrophic skin Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition; tertiary (late phase) – atrophy with thinning and wrinkling of skin overlying large joints Rook p.1274, 1998, Sixth Edition Pustular dermatitis atrophicans of the legs – folliculitis in Lagos, West Africa Rubella, congenital – deep dimples over bony prominences (patellae); blueberry muffin baby J Pediatr 39:291-292, 1967 Syphilis – secondary anetoderma; tertiary syphilis – atrophic scars Rook p.2009, 1998, Sixth Edition Tuberculosis – secondary anetoderma; varioliform scars of papulonecrotic tuberculid JAAD 14:815-826, 1986 Varicella – congenital (fetal) varicella syndrome – infection between first and second trimester; dermatomal scars; low birth weight, localized absence of skin, papular lesions resembling connective tissue nevi, limb paresis, limb hypoplasia, malformed digits, ocular anomalies (chorioretinitis), central nervous system abnormalities BJD 150:357-363, 2004; Rook p.487-488, 1998, Sixth Edition; varicella scars – small circular atrophic scars Rook p.2009, 1998, Sixth Edition Yaws – primary red papule, ulcerates, crusted; satellite papules; become round ulcers, papillomatous or vegetative friable nodules which bleed easily (raspberry-like) (framboesia); heals with large atrophic scar with white center with dark halo Rook p.1268-1271, 1998, Sixth Edition; tertiary – gumma; multiple subcutaneous nodules; overlying skin ulcerates with purulent discharge; atrophic pigmented scars (tissue paper scars) Rook p.1271, 1998, Sixth Edition

Amyloid – atrophic outpouchings of abdominal skin (nodular cutanous amyloidosis) AD 132:223-224, 226-227, 1996; wrinkling of the fingers with hemodialysis-induced cutaneous amyloid Am J Dermatopathol 16:179-184, 1994; nodular amyloid AD 122:1425-1439, 1986; familial amyloid polyneuropathy – atrophic scars BJD 152:250-257, 2005 Benign cephalic histiocytosis – after clearing Ped Derm 11:164-167, 1994 Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis – generalized scaling atrophic and erosive patches BJD 149:191-192, 2003 Juvenile xanthogranuloma – congenital giant xanthogranuloma after resolution Ped Derm 21:121-123, 2004 Langerhans cell histiocytosis – urticating Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker disease) – atrophic chicken pox-like scars Ped Derm 18:41-44, 2001 Urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis) with secondary anetoderma AD 128:105-110, 1992

Connective tissue panniculitis – nodules, atrophic linear plaques of face, upper trunk, or extremities AD 116:291-294, 1980; connective tissue panniculitis of the ankles (annular atrophy) JAAD 21:1152-1156, 1989 Erythema multiforme – atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Granulomatous slack skin JAAD 50:S4-8, 2004 Lipoatrophic panniculitis (mimics atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini) AD 123:1662-1666, 1987; primary lipophagic

panniculitis of adults BJD 124:291-295, 1991; and children JAAD 21:971-978, 1989 Lipoatrophy in lipophagic panniculitis of childhood JAAD 21:971-978, 1989 Nodular panniculitis, idiopathic – heals with atrophic pigmented patch Rook p.2410-2411, 1998, Sixth Edition; Medicine 64:181-191, 1985 Post-inflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa (PECL) in children – severe variant of anetoderma in black girls; begins as indurated annular plaque with collarette of scale; progress to finely wrinkled skin JAAD 51:165-185, 2004; JAAD 22:40-48, 1990; S Afr Med J 40:1016-1022, 1966 Pyoderma gangrenosum with cigarette paper atrophy JAAD 18:559-568, 1988; cribriform atrophic scarring Rook p.2186, 1998, Sixth Edition Sarcoid – atrophic sarcoid AD 122:320-322, 1986; BJD 83:255-262, 1970 Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn Cutis 54:383-385, 1994

Acrodermatitis enteropathica – atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Cachexia in cancer NEJM 351:2124-2125, 2004 Complement deficiency (C3) disorders – partial lipodystrophy Clin Exp Dermatol 21:131-134, 1996 Cushing’s disease – striae Ped Derm 15:253-258, 1998; slender wasted extremities Semin Dermatol 3:287-294, 1984 Diabetes mellitus – diabetic dermopathy; atrophic brown scars Rook p.2674, 1998, Sixth Edition; Cutis 3:955-958, 1967 Hepatocutaneous syndrome – in chronic active hepatitis; firm red papules leaving atrophic scars Br Med J i:817, 1977 Homocystinuria – cystathionine-beta synthase deficiency; tissue paper scarring of hands JAAD 46:161-183, 2002; JAAD 40:279-281, 1999 Hypophosphatasia – shallow depressions to deep pits of skin Ghatan p.159, 2002, Second Edition Hypopituitarism – fine wrinkling with aged appearance Rook p.2704-2705, 1998, Sixth Edition Hypothyroidism – pale, cold, scaly, wrinkled skin JAAD 26:885-902, 1992 Malabsorption – generalized atrophic skin Rook p.2653, 1998, Sixth Edition Marasmus – severe protein and caloric deprivation; wrinkled, loose, dry skin; extensive loss of subcutaneous fat JAAD 21:1-30, 1989 Menopause – atrophic vulvovaginitis Rook p.3277, 1998, Sixth Edition Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Int J Derm 33:605-617, 1994; JAAD 18:530-537, 1988 Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy – generalized elastolysis following resolution of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy JAAD 53:174-176, 2005 Osteogenesis imperfecta Phenylketonuria – morphea resulting in atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini with subcutaneous atrophy JAAD 49:S190-192, 2003 Porphyria – porphyria cutanea tarda Am J Med 67:277-286, 1979; congenital erythropoietic porphyria – atrophic scarring Ped Derm 20:498-501, 2003; Semin Liver Dis 2:154-63, 1982 Pregnancy – striae Rook p.3273, 1998, Sixth Edition

Prolidase deficiency – autosomal recessive; skin spongy and fragile with annular pitting and scarring; leg ulcers; photosensitivity, telangiectasia, purpura, premature graying, lymphedema Ped Derm 13:58-60, 1996; JAAD 29:819-821, 1993; AD 127:124-125, 1991; AD 123:493-497, 1987

Basal cell carcinoma, morphea-like Ghatan p.5, 2002, Second Edition Basal cell nevus (linear basal cell nevus) – resemble comedones; usually linear translucent telangiectatic papules, may ulcerate; macular hypopigmentation, alopecia, cysts, striae Cutis 46:493-494, 1990; BJD 74:20-23, 1962 Becker’s nevus – with underlying lipoatrophy BJD 129:213, 1993 Connective tissue nevus Dermal dendrocyte hamartoma – medallion-like; annular brown or red congenital lesion of central chest with slightly atrophic wrinkled surface JAAD 51:359-363, 2004 Dermatofibroma – atrophic dermatofibroma Dermatol Surg 28:1085-1087, 2002; J Dermatol 22:334-339, 1995; JAAD 25:1081-1082, 1991; dermatofibroma with secondary anetoderma Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – atrophic variant Cutis 74:237-242, 2004; JAAD 49:761-764, 2003; BJD 139:719-725, 1998; congenital – atrophic blue patch AD 139:207-211, 2003 Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma – atrophic scar-like lesions Extramammary Paget’s disease Ghatan p.5, 2002, Second Edition Granulomatous slack skin syndrome – due to CD30 + T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder BJD 147:998-1002, 2002 Infantile myofibromatosis – dimple Ped Derm 8:306-309, 1991; atrophic scarring after resolution Ped Derm 19:520-522, 2002; Curr Prob Derm 14:41-70, 2002; JAAD 41:508, 1999 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) Rook p.2376, 1998, Sixth Edition; granulomatous slack skin syndrome AD 141:1178-1179, 2005; JAAD 51:165-185, 2004; AD 107:271-274, 1973; BJD 82:397-401, 1970; secondary anetoderma; acquired localized cutis laxa due to lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma AD 131:110-111, 1995; lymphomatoid granulomatosis (angiocentric lymphoma) – red, brown, or violaceous plaques with epidermal atrophy and purpura JAAD 20:571-578, 1989; AD 124:571-576, 1988; B-cell lymphoma overlying acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection JAAD 24:584-590, 1991 Melanocytic nevus – atrophy underlying giant congenital melanocytic nevus Ped Derm 17:387-390, 2000; Rook p.1733-1735, 1998, Sixth Edition; Ped Derm 12:272-274, 1995; giant congenital melanocytic nevus with atrophy of an extremity Ped Derm 15:287-289, 1998; anetoderma associated with congenital melanocytic nevi JAAD 39:843-845, 1998; atrophic nevi Rook p.2004, 1998, Sixth Edition Myeloma – acral acquired cutis laxa with myeloma AD 112:835-835, 1976 Myofibroma, infantile – congenital area of atrophy Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.398, 2001 Neurofibroma – pseudoatrophic macular variant Cutis 57:100-102, 1996 Nevus anelasticus Int J Dermatol 25:171-173, 1986 Nevus lipomatosis Ghatan p.5, 2002, Second Edition Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris) – one case of facial hemiatrophy Rook p.1731, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 67:317-319, 1955

Pilomatrixoma – secondary anetoderma JAAD 39:191-195, 1998; JAAD 25:1072-1076, 1991 Primary cutaneous meningioma – scalp or paraspinal region of children and teenagers with central depression epidermal atrophy Cancer 34:728-744, 1974 Seborrheic keratosis Ghatan p.5, 2002, Second Edition Sequestrated meningioma of scalp with overlying atrophy Ped Derm 14:315-318, 1994 Smooth muscle hamartoma – linear atrophic plaque Ped Derm 13:222-225, 1996

Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma with paraproteinemia – atrophy and ulceration of xanthomatous plaques of trunk and extremities Hautarzt 46:330-334, 1995; Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.143, 1999; JAAD 3:257-270, 1980

Actinic cheilitis J Derm Surg Oncol 7:289-295, 1981 Actinic granuloma (annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma, Miescher’s granuloma) – central atrophy AD 111:460-466, 1975; JAAD 1:413-421, 1979; Eur J Dermatol 9:647-649, 1999; Cutis 62:181-187, 1998 Dermatoheliosis (actinic damage) (photoaging) Rook p.2004-2005, 1998, Sixth Edition Stellate pseudoscars AD 105:551-554, 1972

Abdominal lipoatrophy JAAD 45:325-361, 2001 Acne vulgaris – scarring Rook p.1949-1951, 1998, Sixth Edition; follicular atrophoderma Ped Derm 21:14-17, 2004; secondary anetoderma S/P acne vulgaris Acquired generalized lipodystrophy – acromegalic features JAAD 32:130-133, 1995 Acral localized acquired cutis laxa (palms and soles) JAAD 21:33-40, 1989 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – bluish-red edema of extremities BJD 147:375-378, 2002 Anetoderma of Jadassohn-Pellizari (primary anetoderma) AD 120:1032-1039, 1984; anetoderma of Schweninger-Buzzi

Anetodermas, secondary Dermatology 13:123-125, 1998 Acne vulgaris Amyloid, nodular AD 122:1425-1430, 1986 Angular cheilitis – linear anetoderma BJD 138:923-924, 1998 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome JAAD 36:149-168, 970-982, 1997 B-cell lymphoma Benign cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia Cutaneous B-cell lymphoproliferative disease Am J Dermatopathol 23:124-132, 2001 Dermatofibroma Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Down’s syndrome Ann DV 79:245, 1999 Exocytoses with anetoderma and brachydactyly Folliculitis Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Graft vs. host disease AD 138:924-934, 2002 Granuloma annulare JAAD 42:335-338, 2000 Hamartomatous congenital melanocytic nevus Hepatitis B immunization Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Human immunodeficiency virus

Immunocytoma, multiple cutaneous BJD 143:165-170, 2000 Juvenile xanthogranuloma Ann DV 128:291, 2001; BJD 140:541-542, 1999 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, vesicular (Hashimoto-Pritzker disease) Clin Exp Dermatol 19:350-352, 1994 Leeches Int J Derm 35 (3):226-227, 1996 Leprosy – lepromatous Dermatologica 135:329, 1967 Lichen planus Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Lupus erythematosus – systemic or DLE Rook p.2012, 1998, Sixth Edition Lyme disease JAAD 48:S86-88, 2003 Lymphocytoma cutis Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Lymphoma – B-cell lymphoma, CTCL Mastocytosis Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Melanocytic nevi Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Overlying inflammatory processes Penicillamine Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Perifolliculitis Pilomatrixoma JAAD 25:1072-1076, 1991 Plasmacytoma or benign cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia AD131:365-6, 1995 Porphyria (congenital poikiloderma and anetoderma) Arch Argent Dermatol 16:190-194, 1966 Post-inflammatory elastolysis and cutis laxa (PECL) BJD 92:183-190, 1975 Anetoderma of prematurity Eichenfeld, p.105, 2001; AD 133:789, 1997; AD 132:671-674, 1996; anetoderma of prematurity in association with ECG electrodes JAAD 40:479-481, 1999 Prurigo nodularis Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Sarcoid Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Staphylococcus epidermidis – perifollicular macular atrophy Syphilis – congenital, secondary, tertiary, latent Rook p.2012, 1998, Sixth Edition Takayasu’s arteritis Tinea versicolor Textbook of Pediatr Derm; Ed. Harper p.1295 Tuberculosis Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Upper respiratory infection AD 79:516-518, 1959 Urticaria pigmentosa (mastocytosis) Ann DV 108:269-275, 1981 Varicella Bolognia p.1542, 2003 Xanthomas Bolognia p.1542, 2003

Annular and semicircular lipoatrophies JAAD 20:433-436, 1989 Annular atrophic plaques of the face AD 100:703-716, 1969 Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) Ped Derm 19:326-329, 2002; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.126, 2001; giant variant Ped Derm 21:150-153, 2004

I – ACC without multiple anomalies II – Scalp ACC with associated limb anomalies; hypoplastic or absent distal phalanges, syndactyly, club foot, others (most cases are Adams-Oliver syndrome) III – Scalp ACC with associated epidermal and organoid nevi IV – ACC overlying embryologic malformations, such as gastroschisis, omphalocele, meningomyelocele, and others V – ACC with associated fetus papyraceus or placental infarcts VI – ACC with epidermolysis bullosa Junctional EB with pyloric atresia; ACC with gastrointestinal atresia VII – ACC localized to extremities without blistering VIII – ACC caused by specific teratogens IX – ACC asociated with malformation syndromes, such as Goltz syndrome, trisomy 13, ectodermal dysplasia, others

Cranial stenosis (Spear-Mickle syndrome) Plast Reconstr Surg 71:413-417, 1983 4p deletion syndrome (chromosome 4 short arm deletion syndrome)

Delleman-Orthuys syndrome Focal facial dermal dysplasia Johanson-Blizzard syndrome Goltz syndrome Amniotic band syndrome XY gonadal dysgenesis Adams-Oliver syndrome

Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis – linear, varioliform scars BJD 153:821-824, 2005; Ped Derm 18:230-233, 2001; JAAD 30:837-840, 1994; JAAD 21:309, 1989; BJD 115:105-109, 1986; AD 64:59-61, 1951; J Cutan Dis 36:285-288, 1918 Atrophoderma elastolytica discreta Am J Dermatopathol 18:212-217, 1996 Atrophoderma of Moulin (linear atrophoderma of Moulin) – acquired atrophic pigmented band-like lesions following Blaschko’s lines JAAD 49:492-498, 2003; Eur J Dermatol 10:611-613, 2000; Int J Dermatol 39:846-852, 2000; JAAD 38:366-368, 1998; BJD 135:277-279, 1996; Ann DV 119:729-736, 1992 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini Dermatol 190:203-206, 1995; JAAD 30:441-446, 1994; Int J Derm 10:643-645, 1984 Atrophoderma vermiculatum (folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata) – scarring with cribriform depressions JAAD 43:310-312, 2000; JAAD 18:538-542, 1988; AD 124:1101-1106, 1988 Balanitis xerotica obliterans Barraquer-Simons (partial cephalothoracic) lipodystrophy – involves face and trunk JAAD 49:768-769, 2003; JAAD 32:130-133, 1995 Blepharochalasis Br J Ophthalmol 72:863-867, 1988; AD 115:479-481, 1979 Brauer lines – associated with aplasia cutis congenita Bolognia p.924, 2003 Centrifugal lipodystrophy – of abdomen in Japanese children AD 126:206-209, 1990; of face BJD 127:407-410, 1992; of neck Dermatology 188:142-144, 1994 Circumscribed palmar or plantar hypokeratosis – red depressed or atrophic patch with ridged border JAAD 51:319-321, 2004; JAAD 49:1197-1198, 2003; JAAD 47:21-27, 2002 Congenital total lipodystrophy (Seip-Berardinelli) JAAD 32:130-133, 1995 Congenital vertex alopecia Cutis laxa – congenital; acquired – with amyloidosis, myeloma AD 112:853-855, 1976; lupus erythematosus, hypersensitivity reaction to penicillin Hautarzt 26:191-198, 1975; complement deficiency, penicillamine, inflammatory skin disease; sarcoidosis, syphilis, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome JID 75:399-403, 1980; after urticaria and angioedema AD 103:661-669, 1971; generalized cutis laxa – autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive Rook p.2019-2020, 1998, Sixth Edition; post-inflammatory elastosis and cutis laxa in African children BJD 92:183-190, 1975 Dimples – acromial, facial, sacral Dunnigan-Cobberling lipodystrophy – involves trunk, spares face JAAD 49:768-769, 2003 Elastoderma – cutis laxa-like changes JAAD 33:389-392, 1995 Elastosis perforans serpiginosa with pseudoxanthoma elasticum-like changes in Moya-Moya disease (bilateral stenosis and occlusion of basa intracranial vessels and carotid arteries) BJD 153:431-434, 2005 Epidermolysis bullosa, recessive dystrophic – symblepharon Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:135-151; dominant dystrophic – atrophic scars

BJD 146:267-274, 2002; junctional EB, mitis type; epidermolysis bullosa progressiva – cigarette paper atrophy (junctional EB) JAAD 16:195-200, 1987; cicatricial junctional EB; generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB) – atrophic scarring and follicular atrophy Dermatologica 176:83-90, 1988; epidermolysis bullosa superficialis – atrophic scarring, oral, conjunctival blisters AD 125:633-638, 1989; epidermolysis bullosa simplex with or without associated neuromuscular disease; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Familial anetoderma (hereditary anetoderma) JAAD 35:999-1000, 1996 Focal facial dermal dysplasia – scar-like depressions of preauricular regions of face JAAD 27:575-582, 1992 Folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata Generalized lipodystrophy Granuloma gluteale infantum with atrophic scars Clin Exp Dermatol 6:23-29, 1981 Inflammatory lipoatrophies

Connective tissue panniculitis LE profundus Morphea Rothman-Makai Weber Christian

Non-inflammatory lipoatrophies Annular atrophy of the ankles Atrophic connective tissue panniculitis Lipoatrophia annularis Lipoatrophia semicircularis Localized involutional lipoatrophy JAAD 35:523-528, 1996 Partial lipodystrophy with glomerulonephritis and complement abnormalities Panatrophy of Gowers

Keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans Keratosis pilaris atrophicans Lateral facial clefts (macrostomia) – isolated; associated with Treacher Collins syndrome, oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum, Nager acrofacial dysostosis, amniotic rupture sequence Syndromes of the Head and Neck, p.709, 1990; J Laryngol Otol 87:309-313, 1973 Lichen planus – annular atrophic lichen planus AD 141:93-98, 2005; JAAD 25:392-394, 1991; atrophic variant JAAD 12:844-851, 1985; secondary anetoderma Rook p.1904-1912, 1998, Sixth Edition; atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus – wrinkled lesions, atrophic vulvar with shrinkage Cutis 67:249-250, 2001; Rook p.2549-2551,3231-3232, 1998, Sixth Edition; Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 57:9-30, 1971 Linear focal elastosis (striae) – yellow linear bands of lower back JAAD 20:633-636, 1989 Lipoatrophia semicircularis – anterolateral thighs; band-like circular depression; lipoatrophy of ankles BJD 105:591-593, 1981; JAAD 39:879-881, 1998 Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis infantilis – annular, atrophic patches and plaques Ped Derm 18:13-16, 2001; JAAD 11:203-209, 1984; AD 104:291-298, 1971 Lipodystrophia centrifugalis abdominalis infantilis - malformations of face, skull, hands Ped Derm 19:365-367, 2002; hypopigmented and vulvar lesions Ped Derm 21:538-541, 2004; AD 104:291-298, 1971 Lipodystrophy Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000; JAAD 32:130-133, 1995

Congenital total lipodystrophy (congenital generalized lipodystrophy) (Berardinelli syndrome, Seip

syndrome) – extreme muscularity and generalized loss of body fat from birth, acanthosis nigricans, acromegalic features, umbilical hernia, hyperinsulinemia (fasting and postprandial), early onset diabetes mellitus or glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia/low HDL-C level, hirsutism, clitoromegaly Cutis 70:65-69, 2002; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Familial partial lipodystrophy of the limbs and lower trunk (Kobberling-Dunnigan syndrome, Dunnigan variety) – onset of lipoatrophy at puberty, extreme muscularity and lack of subcutaneous fat in all extremities, excess fat of face and neck, acanthosis nigricans, mild to moderate fasting or postprandial hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus after age 20 years, hypertriglyceridemia/low HDL-C levels Cutis 70:65-69, 2002; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Familial partial lipodystrophy, mandibuloacral dysplasia variety – autosomal recessive; short stature, high pitched voice, mandibular and clavicular hypoplasia, dental anomalies, acro-osteolysis, stiff doints, cutaneous atrophy, alopecia, nail dysplasia Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Familial lipodystrophies, other – autosomal dominant; acromegalic features Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Acquired total lipodystrophy (acquired generalized lipodystrophy) (Lawrence-Seip syndrome) – extreme muscularity; generalized lack of fat during childhood or later, loss of subcutaneous fat from palms and soles, severe fasting or postprandial hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia/low HDL-C levels; presence of other autoimmune diseases Cutis 70:65-69, 2002; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Acquired partial lipodystrophy (progressive lipodystrophy, partial lipoatrophy, Barraquer-Simons syndrome) – gradual onset loss of subcutaneous fat from face, neck, trunk, and upper extremities in childhood, normal or increased fat of hips and lower extremities, proteinuria or mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, low C3 and presence of C3 nephritic factor, absence of insulin resistance; presence of other autoimmune diseases Cutis 70:65-69, 2002; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Lipodystrophy of AIDS Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Drug-induced lipodystrophy – insulin, corticosteroids, antibiotics Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Generalized lipodystrophy JAAD 45:325-361, 2001 Pressure-induced lipodystrophy Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Panniculitis and localized lipodystrophy Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Centrifugal lipodystrophy Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000

Mid-dermal elastolysis (perifollicular atrophy) (wrinkled skin) JAAD 48:846-851, 2003; Cutis 71:312-314, 2003; J Cut Med Surg 4:40-44, 2000; JAAD 26:490-492, 1992; JAAD 26:169-173, 1992; AD 125:950-951, 1989 Multiple benign annular creases of the extremities – deep creases around arms and legs Eur J Paediatr 138:301-303, 1982 Panatrophy of Gowers – irregular sharply defined areas of atrophy; trunk and extremities Rook p.2015, 1998, Sixth Edition Papular elastorrhexis – wrinkled skin-colored papules Dermatology 205:198-200, 2002; Clin Exp Dermatol 27:454-457, 2002; JAAD 19:409-414, 1988; AD 123:433-434, 1987 Parakeratosis variegata – reticulated and atrophic Dermatology 201:54-57, 2000; BJD 137:983-987, 1997; Dermatology 190:124-127, 1995 Partial face-sparing lipodystrophy (Kobberling-Dunnegan syndrome) AD 132:223-228, 1996; JAAD 32:130-133, 1995 Partial lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons disease) – disappearance of facial fat; upper half of body (Seir-Mitchell

type); hypertrophy of lower part of body (Laignel-Lavastine and Viard type) Q J Med 41:343-354, 1972; association with hypocomplementemia (C3 nephritic factor) NEJM 294:461-465, 1976 Perifollicular atrophoderma Perifollicular macular atrophy (perifollicular elastolysis) – gray-white follicular papules or finely wrinkled round areas of atrophy with central hair follicle; upper trunk, neck, earlobes, arms JAAD 51:165-185, 2004; BJD 83:143-150, 1970 Periodic nail shedding – thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Perioral pigmented follicular atrophoderma BJD 139:713-718, 1998 Periumbilical pseudoxanthoma elasticum Pohl-Pinkus constriction of hair BJD 79:43-50, 1967 Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans Porokeratosis – of Mibelli – central atrophy AD 122:586-587, 1986; disseminated superficial (actinic) porokeratosis Int J Dermatol 34:71-72, 1998; BJD 123:249-254, 1996; Cutis 42:345-348, 1988; palmoplantar porokeratosis JAAD 21:415-418, 1989 Prurigo nodularis – anetodermic prurigo nodularis JAAD 25:437-442, 1991 Reactive perforating collagenosis – early childhood, precipitated by trauma; skin-colored umbilicated papules; heal with hypopigmentation or scar AD 121:1554-1555, 1557-1558, 1985 Reticulated atrophoderma Rudimentary meningocoele and membranous aplasia cutis with hair collar AD 131:1427-31, 1995 Sacral dimples Sclerotic panatrophy – may follow morphea or occur spontaneously; linear or annular or circumferential bands around limbs Rook p.2016, 1998, Sixth Edition SHORT syndrome – short stature, hyperextensible joints, ocular depression, Reiger (ocular and dental) anomaly, teething delay, loss of subcutaneous fat of face, upper extremities, chest and abdomen Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000 Spontaneous atrophic patches in extremely premature infants AD 132:671-674, 1996 Striae distensae (striae atrophicans) Rook p.2004,2008, 1998, Sixth Edition Ulerythema ophryogenes Upper dermal elastolysis – yellow papules of neck with coarse furrows or wrinkles JAAD 51:165-185, 2004 Vermiculate atrophoderma – honeycomb atrophy Rook p.2011, 1998, Sixth Edition X-linked dominant ichthyosis (Happle’s syndrome) (ConradiHünermann syndrome) – chondrodysplasia punctata, ichthyosis, cataract syndrome; collodion baby or ichthyosiform erythroderma; Blaschko pattern of erythroderma and scaling; plantar hyperkeratosis; resolves with time to reveal swirls of fine scale, linear hyperpigmentation, follicular atrophoderma of arms and legs, cicatricial alopecia; skeletal defects with short stature severe autosomal rhizomelic type; X-linked recessive variant Rook p.1520, 1998, Sixth Edition

Factitial traumatic panniculitis mimicking acrodermatitis atrophicans JAAD 13:988-994, 1985 Neurotic excoriations – atrophic scars Compr Psychiatry 27:381-386, 1986

Achenbach’s syndrome (paroxysmal hematoma of the finger) – mimics bruising or steroid atrophy Rook p.2007, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 132:319, 1995 Acquired partial lipodystrophy (progressive lipodystrophy, partial lipodystrophy, Barraquer-Simons syndrome) – gradual-onset loss of subcutaneous fat from face, neck, trunk, and upper extremities during childhood; normal or excess amount of subcutaneous fat in hips and lower extremities, proteinuria or mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, low C3, presence of C3-nephritic factor, no insulin resistance; presence of other autoimmune diseases J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Acrocephalopolysyndactyly Acrogeria – atrophy and mottled hyperpigmentation of acral skin; thick or thin nails, micrognathia, atrophic tip of nose BJD 151:497-501, 2004; BJD 142:178-180, 2000; BJD 103:213-223, 1980; Arch Dermatol Syphiligr 181:571-583, 1941 Adams-Oliver syndrome – congenital scalp ACC and amniotic bands with reduction of terminal phalanges of fingers and toes (terminal transverse limb defects) Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001; Clin Genet 47:80-84, 1995; J Hered 36:3-7, 1945 Amniotic band syndrome Int J Dermatol 27:312-4, 1988 Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia Anonychia with ectrodactyly AREDYLD syndrome – ectodermal dysplasia, lipoatrophy, diabetes, mellitus, amastia Am J Med Genet 44:374-377, 1992; Am J Med Genet 16:29-33, 1983 Ascher’s syndrome – periorbital edema; edema of lips, double lip, blepharochalasis AD 139:1075-1080, 2003; Rook p.2984, 1998, Sixth Edition; Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 65:86-97, 1920 Ataxia telangiectasia – lipoatrophy JAAD 42:939-969, 2000; JAAD 10:431-438, 1984; atrophic plaque of cutaneous granuloma of ataxia telangiectasia AD 134:1145-1150, 1998; atrophy of skin Rook p.2095, 1998, Sixth Edition Baraitser syndrome (premature aging with short stature and pigmented nevi) – lack of facial subcutaneous fat, fine hair, hypospadias, dental abnormalities, hepatomegaly J Med Genet 25:53-56, 1988 Barber-Say syndrome – autosomal dominant or X-linked; macrostomia, hypertelorism, atrophic skin, hypertrichosis Am J Med Genet 73:366-367, 1997 Bart’s syndrome – aplasia cutis congenita of the legs with dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Caputo p.131, 2000 Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome (X-linked dominant) – milia and comedo-like papules, congenital hypotrichosis, anhidrosis, X-linked dominant, follicular (vermiculate) atrophoderma of the face, elbows and hands, hypohidrosis, basal cell nevi and basal cell carcinomas, pinched nose, keratosis pilaris, scrotal tongue, joint hypermobility BJD 153:682-684, 2005; Dermatol Surg 26:152-154, 2000; Ped Derm 16:108-110, 1999; JAAD 39:853-857, 1998; AD 130:337-342, 1994; Hautarzt 44:385-391, 1993; Ann Dermatol Syphilgr (Paris) 93:241-254, 1966; Bull Soc Franc Derm Syph 71:206,1964 Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (exomphalos-macroglossiagigantism) (EMG) syndrome – autosomal dominant; zosteriform rash at birth, circular depressions of helices, exomphalos, macroglossia, visceromegaly, facial nevus flammeus and gigantism; earlobe grooves, punched-out depressions of posterior pinna JAAD 37:523-549, 1997; Am J Dis Child 122:515-519, 1971 Bencze syndrome – hemifacial atrophy with esotropia, amblyopia, and submucous cleft palate Clin Genet 16:301-304, 1979

Berardinelli’s (Berardinelli-Seip) syndrome (congenital generalized lipodystrophy) – congenital total lipodystrophy; extreme muscularity and generalized loss of body fat from birth, acanthosis nigricans, acromegalic features, umbilical hernia, hirsutism and clitoromegaly, severe fasting and postprandial hyperinsulinemia, early onset diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Berlin syndrome – fine wrinkling aroung the eyes and mouth (similar to Christ-Siemens ectodermal dysplasia); no vellus hairs; mottled pigmentation and leukoderma, flat saddle nose, thick lips, stunted growth, bird-like legs, mental retardation Dermatologica 123:227-243, 1961 Branchio-oculo-facial syndrome – linear atrophic patches of neck, ears, eyes, mouth; hemangiomatous aplastic skin overlying branchial or supraauricular defects Ped Derm 12:24-27, 1995; Am J Med Genet 56:42-59, 1995 Carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome – emaciated appearance; lipoatrophy over buttocks; lipoatrophic streaks extend down legs; high nasal bridge, prominent jaw, large ears, inverted nipples, fat over suprapubic area and labia majora, fat pads over buttocks; hypotonia Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.432, 2001 Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome Dev Med Child Neurol 35:727-732, 1993 Chromosome 16-18 defect – large scalp defects; scalp arteriovenous malformation with underlying bony defect Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001 Cockayne’s syndrome (cachectic dwarfism) – autosomal recessive; short stature, facial erythema in butterfly distribution leading to mottled pigmentation and atrophic scars, premature aged appearance with loss of subcutaneous fat and sunken eyes (enophthalmos with loss of periorbital fat), lipoatrophy of temples; canities, mental deficiency, photosensitivity, disproportionately large hands, feet, and ears, ocular defects, demyelination Ped Derm 20:538-540, 2003; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.493, 2001; J Med Genet 18:288-293, 1981 Congenital erosive and vesicular dermatosis with reticulate scarring – thin and translucent skin Ped Derm 15:214-218, 1998; JAAD 32:873-877, 1995 Congenital ichthyosis, follicular atrophoderma, hypotrichosis, and hypohidrosis Am J Med Geneet 13:186-189, 1998 Conradi-Hünermann syndrome – X-linked dominant ichthyosis; mutation in gene encoding 8-7 sterol isomerase; collodion baby or generalized ichthyosiform erythroderma; Blaschko erythroderma and scaling; palmoplantar keratoderma; follicular atrophoderma and cicatricial alopecia in adults; short stature; asymmetric shortening of limbs; chondrodysplasia punctata, cataracts Eur J Dermatol 10:425-428, 2000; Hum Genet 53:65-73, 1979 Curry Jones syndrome – streaks of atrophy with craniosynostosis, preaxial polysyndactyly, agenesis of the corpus callosum Clin Dysmorphol 4:116-129, 1995 DeBarsy syndrome – autosomal recessive progeroid syndrome; lax wrinkled skin; cloudy corneas, mental retardation, pseudoathetoid movements, synophrys, pinched nose, thin skin, lack of subcutaneous tissue, sparse hair Ped Derm 19:412-414, 2002; Eur J Pediatr 144:348-354, 1985 Delleman-Oorthuys syndrome – oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome – membranous aplasia cutis, eyelid tag, periorbital tags, facial tags, orbital cysts, focal punched-out skin defects of the ala nasi, cerebral malformations, developmental delay Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001; Clin Dysmorphol 7:279-283, 1998; Clin Genetics 19:191-198, 1981

Dermatopathia pigmentosa retularis – autosomal dominant, reticulate hyperpigmentation of trunk, onychodystrophy, alopecia, oral hyperpigmentation, punctate hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, hypohidrosis; atrophic macules over joints with hypertrophic scarring Semin Cut Med Surg 16:72-80, 1997; AD 126:935-939, 1990; Hautarzt 6:262, 1960 Diffuse and macular atrophic dermatosis – generalized poikilodermatous prematurely aged (sun-damaged) appearance Clin Exp Dermatol 5:57-60, 1980 Dowling-Degos syndrome (reticulated pigmented anomaly of the flexures) – pitted atrophic scars at corners and around mouth, reticulated pigmentation of axillae, groin, and other intertrigenous areas, freckles of vulva, comedo-like lesions BJD 147:568-571, 2002; JAAD 40:462-467, 1999; Clin Exp Dermatol 9:439-350, 1984 Dunnigan syndrome – autosomal recessive; acanthosis nigricans, decreased subcutaneous fat, enlarged clitoris, insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, thickened nails, pineal hyperplasia, premature eruption of teeth, macrodontia, enlarged filiform and fungiform papillae of the tongue J Med Genet 23:128-130, 1986 Dyskeratosis congenita (Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome) – Xq28 J Med Genet 33:993-995, 1996; Dermatol Clin 13:33-39, 1995; BJD 105:321-325, 1981; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Ectodermal dysplasia – X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – EDS I, II – atrophic fish-mouth and cigarette paper scarring; redundant folds around eyes; EDS II with features of cutis laxa Rook p.2032-2038, 1998, Sixth Edition; type VII – lax facial skin giving chubby appearance J Med Genet 24:698-701, 1987 Ellis van Creveld syndrome – thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Exostoses with anetoderma and brachydactyly Familial anetoderma JAAD 16:341-345, 1987 Familial mandibuloacral dysplasia (craniomandibular dermatodysostosis) – atrophy of skin over hands and feet with club shaped terminal phalanges and acro-osteolysis, mandibular dysplasia, delayed cranial suture closure, short stature, prominent eyes and sharp nose BJD 105:719-723, 1981; Birth Defects x:99-105, 1974 Familial partial lipodystrophy (Kobberling-Dunning syndrome, Dunnigan variety) – extreme muscularity and lack of subcutaneous fat in all extremities with onset at puberty; normal at birth; excess adipose tissue of face and neck, acanthosis nigricans, post-prandial hyperinsulinemia, diabetes mellitus after age 20, hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000 Finlay-Marks syndrome (scalp-ear-nipple syndrome) – nipple or breast hypoplasia or aplasia, aplasia cutis congenita of scalp, abnormal ears and teeth, nail dystrophy, syndactyly, reduced apocrine secretion Bolognia p.924, 2003 Focal facial dermal dysplasia; bitemporal atrophy with scar-like atrophic macules on one or both temples (Brauer’s syndrome) JAAD 25:389-391, 1991; JAAD 18:1203-1207, 1988 Flynn-Aird syndrome – atrophy of shins and dorsae of feet, ulceration, alopecia, dental caries J Neurol Sci 2:161-182, 1965 Focal dermal hypoplasia, morning glory anomaly, and polymicrogyria – swirling pattern of hypopigmentation, papular hypopigmented and herniated skin lesions of face, head, hands, and feet, basaloid follicular hamartomas, mild mental retardation, macrocephaly, microphthalmia, unilateral morning glory optic disc anomaly, palmar and lip pits, and polysyndactyly Am J Med Genet 124A:202-208, 2004

Follicular atrophoderma Bazex-Dupre-Christol syndrome, X-linked dominant AD 130:337-342, 1994 Conradi-Hünermann syndrome JAAD 21:248-256, 1989, Ped Derm 15:299-303, 1998; Hum Genet 53:65-73, 1979 Happle syndrome – X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia puntata – streaks Ped Derm 13:1-4, 1996 Rasmussen’s syndrome AD 111:610-614, 1975 Rombo syndrome

4p (−) syndrome – aplasia cutis, mental retardation, deafness, seizures, ocular abnormalities Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001 Fragile X syndrome – fine skin, hyperextensible joints, flat feet Lancet 338:289-292, 1991 Geroderma osteodysplastica – jowly sad face, drooping eyelids Ped Derm 16:113-117, 1999 Goldenhar syndrome (oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome) – facial hemiatrophy Syndromes of the Head and Neck, p.641-649, 1990; aplasia cutis congenita JAAD 50:S11-13, 2004 Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) – asymmetric linear and reticulated streaks of atrophy and telangiectasia; yellow-red nodules; raspberry-like papillomas of lips, perineum, acrally, at perineum, buccal mucosa; xerosis; scalp and pubic hair sparse and brittle; short stature; asymmetric face; syndactyly, polydactyly; ocular, dental, and skeletal abnormalities with osteopathia striata of long bones JAAD 25:879-881, 1991 Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia); also thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Granddad syndrome – Am J Hum Gen 45 (suppl) A53, 1989 Haber’s syndrome – rosacea-like acneform eruption with erythema, telangiectasia, prominent follicles, comedones, small papules, atrophic pitted scars; with keratotic plaques of the trunk and extremities AD 103:452-455, 1971; BJD 77:1-8, 1965 Haim-Munk syndrome – autosomal recessive; mutation in cathepsin C gene (like Papillon-Lefevre syndrome); atrophic nails, palmoplantar keratoderma, scaly red patches on elbows, knees, forearms, shins, gingivitis with destruction of periodontium, onychogryphosis, arachnodactyly, recurrent pyogenic infections BJD 152:353-356, 2005 Hallermann-Streiff syndrome – central facial atrophy and telangiectasia Ped Derm 13:255-257, 1996; atrophic alopecia Clin Exp Dermatol 14:250-252, 1989 Happle syndrome (X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata) – scalp dermatitis at birth; Blaschko hyperkeratoses, follicular atrophoderma, cicatricial alopecia Ped Derm 18:442-444, 2001 Hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma Hereditary focal transgressive palmoplantar keratoderma – autosomal recessive; hyperkeratotic lichenoid papules of elbows and knees, psoriasiform lesions of scalp and groin, spotty and reticulate hyperpigmentation of face, trunk, and extremities, alopecia of eyebrows and eyelashes BJD 146:490-494, 2002 Hereditary gelsolin amyloidosis (AGel amyloidosis) – cutis laxa with generalized cutaneous atrophy, Corneal lattice dystrophy, cranial and peripheral polyneuropathy BJD 152:250-257, 2000 Hereditary perioral pigmented follicular atrophoderma associated with milia and epidermoid cysts BJD 139:713-718, 1998 Hereditary sclerosing poikiloderma Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria) – loss of subcutaneous tissue, hyper and hypomelanosis, alopecia, mid-facial cyanosis around mouth and nasolabial folds, decreased sweating, sclerodermoid changes, cobblestoning of soft pebbly nodules Am J Med Genet 82:242-248, 1999

Hypertrichosis, pigmentary retinopathy, and facial anomalies – lipoatrophy of buttocks Am J Med Genet 62:386-390, 1996 Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – facial wrinkling Ichthyosis, follicular atrophoderma, eyebrow hypotrichosis, woolly hair BJD 147:604-606, 2002; Am J Med Genet 75:186-189, 1998 Incontinentia pigmenti – pale atrophic hairless patches in stage 4 AD 139:1163-1170, 2003; JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; atrophic vermiculate scarring of legs Atlantic Derm Society Meeting, 2000; Dermatol 191 (2):161-163, 1995; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Johanson-Blizzard syndrome – small stellate defects of frontal scalp and membranous aplasia cutis, dwarfism, mental retardation, deafness, hypothyroidism, pancreatic insufficiency, midline skin dimples or defects Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001; J Med Genet 19:302-303, 1981 Juvenile hyaline fibromatosis (Murray-Puretic-Drescher syndrome) – autosomal recessive; gingival fibromatosis, multiple subcutaneous tumors, sclerodermiform atrophy, osteolytic skeletal lesions, recurrent suppurative infections, flexural joint contractures, stunted growth, early death Ped Derm 18:400-402, 2001 Kindler syndrome – diffuse atrophy or cigarette paper atrophy of hands; atrophied gingival; atrophic nail plates AD 140:939-944, 2004; BJD 144:1284-1286, 2001; JAAD 46:447-450, 2001; Ped Derm 6:91-101, 1989, AD 133:1111-1117, 1997 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome – atrophy of limb; venous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, or mixed venous lymphatic malformation Br J Surg 72:232-236, 1985; Arch Gen Med 3:641-672, 1900 Koraxitrachitic syndrome – self-healing collodion baby with residual dappled atrophy Am J Med Genet 86:454-458, 1999 Lawrence-Seip syndrome (acquired total lipodystrophy – extreme muscularity and generalized lack of fat during childhood or later, loss of fat from palms and soles, severe fasting or post-prandial hyperinsulinemia, lipoatrophic diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, panniculitis at onset of lipodystrophy, other autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1776-1782, 2000; AD 91:326-334, 1965 Lenz-Majewski syndrome – loose, wrinkled atrophic skin of hands with short digits and partial syndactyly Radiology 149:129-131, 1983 Leprechaunism (Donohue’s syndrome) – decreased subcutaneous tissue and muscle mass (lipoatrophy), characteristic facies, severe intrauterine growth retardation, broad nose, low-set ears, hypertrichosis of forehead and cheeks, loose folded skin at flexures, gyrate folds of skin of hands and feet; breasts, penis, clitoris hypertrophic Endocrinologie 26:205-209, 1988 Lipoid proteinosis – pock-like annular scars Ped Derm 19:359-362, 2002; Ped Derm 18:21-26, 2001; weathered appearance of face Rook p.2641, 1998, Sixth Edition; Acta Paediatr 85:1003-1005, 1996; JAAD 27:293-297, 1992 Macrostomia, ectropion, atrophic skin, hypertrichosis and growth retardation Mandibuloacral dysplasia – acral poikiloderma over hands and feet, subcutaneous atrophy Am J Med Genet 95:293-295, 2000; Clin Genet 26:133-138, 1984 Marfan’s syndrome – striae atrophicae Rook p.2030-2031, 1998, Sixth Edition Marshall’s syndrome – Sweet’s syndrome followed by acquired cutis laxa AD 131:1175-1177, 1995

Mendenhall’s syndrome – pineal hyperplasia, insulin resistant diabetes mellitus, lipodystrophy Mendes da Costa syndrome (dystrophia bullosa, typus maculatus) – X-linked recessive; tense bullae, alopecia, coarse reticulated hyperpigmentation of face and extremities with atrophy, mental retardation Acta DV (Stockh) 18:265, 1937 Metageria Metaphyseal dysplasia, anetoderma, optic atrophy Microphthalmia with linear skin defects syndrome (MLS syndrome) (microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, and sclerocornea (MIDAS) syndrome) – X-linked dominant; atrophic Blaschko linear scars of face and neck; linear red atrophic skin (resembles aplasia cutis) Am J Med Genet 124A:202-208, 2004; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.466-467, 2001; Am J Med Genet 49:229-234, 1994 Multiple benign annular creases of the extremities Multiple follicular hamartomas with sweat gland and sebaceous differentiation, vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, and late development of basal cell carcinomas JAAD 39:853-857, 1998 Nail-patella syndrome – hypoplasia of distal phalanges Ped Derm 19:454-456, 2002; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Neurofibromatosis type 1 – pseudoatrophic macules AD 118:577-581, 1982; congenital reddish neurofibromatous dermal hypoplasia with follicular papules Cutis 68:253-256, 2001 Neutrophilic dermatosis (pustular vasculitis) of the dorsal hands – variant of Sweet’s syndrome – atrophic scars AD 138:361-365, 2002 Nicolau-Balus syndrome – vermiculate atrophoderma of cheeks, eruptive syringomas and milia on trunk and extremities Noonan’s syndrome – ulerythema ophryogenes Oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome – regional skin hypoplasia Am J Med Genet 124A:202-208, 2004 Oculo-ectodermal syndrome – macrocephaly, cutis aplasia, abnormal pigmentation, scalp nodules, corneal epibulbar dermoid cysts BJD 151:953-960, 2004; Bolognia p.924, 2003 Odonto-onycho-dermal dysplasia – telangiectatic atrophic patches of face, sparse hair, conical teeth, hyperkeratosis of palms and soles, dystrophic nails Am J Med Genet 14:335-346, 1983 Opitz syndrome – membranous aplasia cutis with hypertelorism, cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, cryptorchidism Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001 Osteodysplastic geroderma (Walt Disney dwarfism) – short stature, cutis laxa-like changes with drooping eyelids and jowls, osteoporosis and skeletal abnormalities Am J Med Genet 3:389-395, 1979 Osteogenesis imperfecta – blue sclerae; thin fragile skin J Med Genet 16:101-116, 1979 Panhypopituirary dwarfism – short stature, excess subcutaneous fat, high pitched voice, soft, wrinkled skin, childlike facies Birth Defects 12:15-29, 1976 Parry-Romberg syndrome Ped Derm 21:48-50, 2004; JAAD 22:531-533, 1990 Partial lipodystrophy, complement abnormalities, vasculitis – macroglossia, polyarthralgia, mononeuritis, hypertrophy of subcutaneous tissue Ann DV 114:1083-1091, 1987 Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13) – capillary hemangiomas of the forehead, localized scalp defects G Ital DV 121:25-28, 1986 Patterson David syndrome – pseudoleprechaunism Premature aging and short stature syndrome (Mulvihill-Smith syndrome) – loss of facial subcutaneous tissue

Proteus syndrome – lipohypoplasia and patchy dermal hypoplasia AD 140:947-953, 2004; AD 133:77-80, 1997 Prune belly syndrome – wrinkled abdominal skin with abdominal muscle absence and urogenital malformations J Urol 139:335-337, 1988 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum Rook p.2022-2026, 1998, Sixth Edition; penicillamine-induced pseudoxanthoma elasticum JAAD 30:103-107, 1994; Dermatology 184:12-18, 1992; saltpetre-induced pseudoxanthoma elasticum Acta DV 58:323-327, 1978 Rapp-Hodgkin ectodermal dysplasia Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Cutis 68:179-182, 2001; AD 127:1541-1544, 1991; JAAD 22:513-520, 1990 Restrictive dermopathy (stiff skin syndrome) – rigid transluecent inelastic skin; severe intrauterine growth retardation; micrognathia, fixed facial expression, low-set ears, pinched nose, O-shaped mouth, flexion contractures AD 138:831-836, 2002 Reticulolinear aplasia cutis congenita of the face and neck – Xp deletion syndrome, MIDAS (microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, sclerocornea), MLS (microphthalmia and linear skin defects), and Gazali-Temple syndrome; lethal in males; residual facial scarring in females, short stature, organ malformations BJD 138:1046-1052, 1998 Roberts syndrome (pseudothalidomide syndrome, SC phocomelia syndrome) – facial midline capillary malformation with limb defects; bony abnormalities, cleft lip and palate, unusual facies (hypoplastic nares, micrognathia, malformed ears, hypertelorism); marked growth retardation; silvery hair Curr Probl Dermatol 3:69-107, 1995 Romberg syndrome (facial hemiatrophy) Arch Neurol 39:44-46, 1982 Rombo syndrome – acral erythema, cyanotic redness, follicular atrophy (atrophoderma vermiculata), milia-like papules, telangiectasias, red ears with telangiectasia, thin eyebrows, sparse beard hair, basal cell carcinomas, short stature BJD 144:1215-1218, 2001; Acta DV (Stockh) 61:497-503, 1981 Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) Ruvalcaba syndrome – atrophic plaques on trunk Sakati syndrome – patchy alopecia with atrophic skin above ears, submental linear scars, acrocephalopolysyndactyly, short limbs, congenital heart disease, abnormally shaped low-set ears, ear tag, short neck with low hairline J Pediatr 79:104-109, 1971 Say-Barber syndrome – short stature, microcephaly, large ears, flexion contractures, decreased subcutaneous fat; dermatitis in infancy with transient hypogammaglobulinemia Am J Med Genet 86:165-167, 1999 Scleroatrophic and keratotic dermatosis of limbs (scleroatrophic syndrome of Huriez) – autosomal dominant; scleroatrophy of hands, sclerodactyly, palmoplantar keratoderma, xerosis, hypoplastic nails BJD 143:1091-1096, 2000; BJD 134:512-518, 1996; Bull Soc Fr Dermatol Syphiligr 70:24-28, 1963 Setleis syndrome (focal facial dermal dysplasia) – aged leonine appearance, bi-temporal scar-like defects, absent or multiple rows of upper eyelashes, eyebrows slanted up and out, scar-like median furrow of chin BJD 130:645-649, 1994; Pediatrics 32:540-548, 1963 SHORT syndrome Syndromes of the Head and Neck, p.826, 1990 Sjögren’s syndrome – atrophic vulvitis, anal mucosa Rook p.2572, 1998, Sixth Edition Terminal osseous dysplasia and pigmentary defects – regional skin hypoplasia Am J Med Genet 124A:202-208, 2004 Thoracic outlet syndrome Treacher Collins syndrome

Tricho-odonto-onycho-ectodermal dysplasia (linear dermal hypoplasia) – hypotrichosis, hypodontia, focal linear dermal hypoplasia of the tip of the nose, irregular hyperpigmentation of the back, bilateral amastia and athelia, nerve hearing loss AD 122:1047-1053, 1986 Trichothiodystrophy syndromes – BIDS, IBIDS, PIBIDS – facial hemiatrophy, lipoatrophy, sparse or absent eyelashes and eyebrows, brittle hair, premature aging, sexual immaturity, ichthyosis, dysmyelination, bird-like facies, dental caries; trichothiodystrophy with ichthyosis, urologic malformations, hypercalciuria and mental and physical retardation Ped Derm 14:441-445, 1997; JAAD 44:891-920, 2001 Trisomy D (13-15) – membranous aplasia cutis, holoprosencephaly, seizures, ocular abnormalities, deafness, neural tube defects Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001 Trisomy 13/18 – scalp defects BJD 151:953-960, 2004; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Tuberous sclerosis – hypoplasia of the hand BJD 135:1-5, 1996 Turner’s syndrome – thinning and wrinkling of palmar skin; thin or atrophic nails Ghatan p.109, 2002, Second Edition Twenty nail syndrome – atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Unusual facies, lipodystrophy, joint contractures (Werner-like disorder) Hum Genet 83:209-216, 1989 Van der Woude syndrome – congenital lower lip pits Vertebral and eye anomalies, cutis aplasia, and short stature (VECS) Am J Med Genet 77:225-227, 1998 Werner’s syndrome – loss of subcutaneous tissue; bird-like facies, spindly legs Am J Med 108:143-152, 2000; AD 124:90-101, 1988 Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch (neonatal progeroid syndrome) – generalized lipoatrophy, macrocephaly, premature aging, wide open sutures, hypoplasia of facial bones, low-set ears, beak shaped nose, neonatal teeth, slender limbs, large hands and feet with long fingers, large penis J Med Genet 34:433-437, 1997 Williams syndrome – premature laxity of skin, congenital heart disease (supravalvular aortic stenosis), baggy eyes, full cheeks, prominent lips, dental malocclusion, delayed motor skills, cocktail party personality J Pediatr 113:318-326, 1988 Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (del (4p) syndrome) – midline scalp defect BJD 151:953-960, 2004; Am J Med Genet 21:351-358, 1985 Wrinkly skin syndrome – wrinkled skin on abdomen and dorsal aspects of hands and feet, increase palmoplantar creases, prominent venous pattern on chest, mental retardation, microcephaly, hypotonia, musculoskeletal abnormalities Am J Med Genet 101:213-220, 2001; Ped Derm 16:113-117, 1999 X-p22 microdeletion syndrome – bilateral reticulated and linear defects of malar region of face, microphthalmia, sclerocornea Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.127, 2001 Xeroderma pigmentosum Ghatan p.5, 2002, Second Edition

Acupuncture – atrophic round scars BJD 150:364, 2004 Amniocentesis dimples Am J Obstet Gynecol 126:247-252, 1976; JAAD 39:888-890, 1998; AD 120:1360-1362, 1984 Compression from tight fitting clothes – lipoatrophy JAAD 45:325-361, 2001 IVDA – skin popping BJD 150:1-10, 2004 Injury due to obstetric forceps or scalp electrodes

Physical trauma – atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Post-injection lipoatrophy JAAD 45:325-361, 2001 Radiation dermatitis, chronic Scars

Acrocyanosis with atrophy AD 124:263-268, 1988 Atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders – atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Atrophie blanche (livedo with ulceration) – ivory white plaque of sclerosis with stippled telangiectasias and surrounding hyperpigmentation; venous insufficiency, thalassemia minor Acta DV (Stockh) 50:125-128, 1970; cryoglobulinemia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma Rook p.2216,2249, 1998, Sixth Edition; Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:517-519, 1986; JAAD 8:792-798, 1983; AD 119:963-969, 1983 Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita – facial or limb hypoplasia JAAD 48:950-954, 2003; Ped Derm 17:100-104, 2000; JAAD 20:1098-1104, 1989 Degos’ disease (malignant atrophic papulosis) – white atrophic papules BJD 139:708-712, 1998; AD 128:255-260, 1992; lower extremity hypoplasia Turk J Pediatr 43:159-161, 2001 Edema – acute leg edema; stria-like distension of skin AD 138:641-642, 2002 Glomerulovenous malformation – atrophic patch with redundant skin Soc Ped Derm Annual Meeting, July 2005 Hemangiomas, resolved – atrophy, telangiectasia, redundant skin Rook p.554, 1998, Sixth Edition Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) – residual patch of thing skin with prominent veins after involution JAAD 50:875-882, 2004 Raynaud’s phenomenon – atrophic nails Ghatan p.114, 2002, Second Edition Servelle-Martorell syndrome – association of capillary stains and dysplastic veins with undergrowth of affected limb Curr Prob Dermatol 13:249-300, 2002; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.333, 2001 Takayasu’s arteritis – post-granulomatous anetoderma AD 123:796-800, 1987 Varicose veins – acquired localized elastolysis Clin Exp Dermatol 20:492-495, 1995

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA – SYNDROMES Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome (X-linked dominant) – milia and comedo-like papules, hypotrichosis, anhidrosis of face and head, follicular (vermiculate) atrophoderma of the face, elbows and hands; basal cell carcinomas resemble nevi; multiple follicular hamartomas with sweat gland and sebaceous differentiation Derm Surg 26:152-154, 2000; Ped Derm 16:108-110, 1999; JAAD 39:853-857, 1998; AD 130:337-342, 1994; Ann Dermatol Syphilgr (Paris) 93:241-254, 1966 Coarse sparse hair and milia syndrome JAAD 50:489-494, 2004 Multiple hereditary non-syndromic basal cell carcinomas JAAD 50:489-494, 2004 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin’s syndrome) – autosomal dominant; papules of the face, neck, and trunk, calcifications of the brain, palmoplantar pits, mandibular keratocysts, skeletal anomalies, basal cell carcinomas; also

medulloblastomas, ovarian tumors, astrocytomas, meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas, fibrosarcomas, ameloblastomas JAAD 39:853-857, 1998; Dermatol Clin 13:113-125, 1995; JAAD 11:98-104, 1984; linear unilateral nevoid basal cell nevus syndrome JAAD 50:489-494, 2004 Nevus sebaceus syndrome Oculocutaneous albinism Rombo syndrome – papules and cysts of the face and trunk, basal cell carcinomas, vermiculate atrophoderma, milia, hypotrichosis, trichoepitheliomas, peripheral vasodilatation with cyanosis BJD 144:1215-1218, 2001; JAAD 39:853-857, 1998 Xeroderma pigmentosum JAAD 50:489-494, 2004

Allergic contact dermatitis – ‘black’ poison ivy due to oxidation of resin JAAD 45:246-249, 2001; black lacquer dermatitis Autoimmune blistering disorders – blisters with central black dots Dermatitis herpetiformis – black palmar lesions in purpuric dermatitis herpetiformis Ped Derm 14:319-322, 1994 Dermatomyositis – epidermal necrosis Graft vs. host disease – linear epidermal necrosis with black line JAAD 1/94 Lupus erythematosus – lupus profundus; LE hypertrophicus et profundus – verrucous brown-black plaque BJD 96:75-78, 1977

Bismuth subsalicylate – black dots after oral ingestion of Pepto-Bismol JAAD 37:489-490, 1997 Black hairy tongue – multiple antibiotics Calcium gluconate, extravasated – linear and dot-like black necrosis Clofazamine – red to purple black Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition Cyclophosphamide – black nails Daunorubicin – black nails Diltiazem – blue-black, photodistributed hyperpigmentation JAAD 46:468-469, 2002 Gold salts – black nails Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition Hydroxychloroquine – blue-black pigmentation Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition Lanoprazole (proton pump inhibitor) – black tongue AD 137:968-969, 2001; BJD 144:1293-1294, 2001 Methyldopa – black tongue AD 137:968-969, 2001; AD 136:427-428, 2000 Minocycline – black galactorrhea AD 121:417-418, 1985; black tongue AD 137:968-969, 2001; BJD 134:943-944, 1996; AD 131:620, 1995; AD 121:417-418, 1985; black nails Phenothiazine – black galactorrhea Rook p.3154, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 121:417-418, 1985 Zidovudine – black nails

Acupuncture beads Anthralin staining

Black dermatographism – blackening of skin by metals; rubbing of metal with zinc oxide, ferric oxide, pumice, titanium dioxide Cutis 52:17-19, 1993; JAMA 121:485-490, 1943 Black tattoos – carbon (India ink), iron oxide, or logwood – tattoo reaction JAAD 35:477-479, 1996 Cactus – dome shaped skin-colored papules with central black dot Bolognia p.1477, 2003 Coal tar – black nails Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition Clothing dyes – released by sweating Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Ebony workers – black nails Foreign body, including foreign body granuloma; delayed reaction to graphite pencil Cutis 42:199-201, 1988; black thorn granuloma; sea urchin spines of the soles Ink stain Mercury-containing cosmetics – black nails Photographic developing (methyl or p-methyl aminophenyl sulfate hydroquinone) – black nails Sea urchin spicules Shoe polish – black nails Silver nitrate – black nails Skin graft – pseudomelanoma Wine – black nails

Anthrax – eschar Aspergillosis – primary cutaneous – blisters with central black dots JAAD 31:344-347, 1994; black eschar AD 141:633-638, 2005 Bed bugs (Cimex lectularis) Ped Derm 22:183-187, 2005 Black blowfly (maggot, genus Phormia) Black death (plague, Yersinia pestis) and kala-azar Black dot ringworm Blackflies Black piedra Black widow spider bite Condyloma acuminata Tyring p.263, 2002 Fungal melanonychia (onychomycosis) JAAD 31:311-316, 1994

Acrotherium nigrum Alternaria grisea tenuis Alternaria numiocola Blastomyces Candida Chaetomium kunze Fusarium oxysporum Homodendrum elatum Phyllostictina sydow Scytalidium dimidiatum – superficial black onychomycosis AD 140:696-701, 2004 Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton sudanense Wangiella dermatiditis

Insect bite reaction – blister with central black dot Lyme disease – blister with central black dot; necrotic bulla Molluscum contagiosum – involuting Mycetoma – black grains Caputo p.153, 2000 Myiasis due to Cordylobia anthropophaga JAAD 126:199-202, 1990 Necrotizing fasciitis – periorbital blue-black necrosis AD 140:664-666, 2004

Onychomycosis – black nail Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition Osteomyelitis – subungual black macules associated with osteomyelitis of distal phalanges AD 124:418-423, 1988 Pinta – black nails Pitted keratolysis Pseudochromhidrosis – colorless sweat becomes pigmented due to chromogenic bacteria (Corynebacterium) Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Rickettsial pox – eschar (tache noir) JAAD 2:359-373, 1980 Scrub typhus (Rickettsia tsutsugamuchi ) (mites) – headache and conjunctivitis; eschar with black crust; generalized macular or morbilliform rash JAAD 2:359-373, 1980 Tick, engorged or non-engorged Rook p.1456, 1998, Sixth Edition; Br Med J 309:1693, 1994 Tick typhus (Boutonneuse fever, Kenya tick typhus, African and Indian tick typhus) (ixodid ticks) – small ulcer at site of tick bite (tache noire) – black necrotic center with red halo; pink morbilliform eruption of forearms, then generalizes, involving face, palms, and soles; may be hemorrhagic; recovery uneventful JAAD 2:359-373, 1980 Tinea capitis – endothrix (T. tonsurans and T. violaceum) – black dots of swollen hair shafts as hairs break at surface of scalp JAAD 8:322-330, 1983 Tinea nigra palmaris – Phaeoannelomyces werneckii Ped Derm 20:315-317, 2003; AD 11:904-905, 1975 Trichomycosis axillaris Tungiasis with central black pit or dot AD 141:389-394, 2005; JAAD 20:941-944, 1989; JAAD 15:117-119, 1986 Zygomycosis – black eschar; edema with black discoloration J Pediatr Surg 37:1607-1611, 2002

Dorsal mucoid cysts of the finger AD 129:633-638, 1993

Erythema multiforme with epidermal necrosis

Aspartylglucosaminuria – angiokeratoma corporis diffusum BJD 147:760-764, 2002 Diabetes mellitus – finger sticks Fabry’s disease – angiokeratomas AD 140:1440-1446, 2004 Metastatic calcification Ochronosis – black or blue-black cerumen, urine, cartilage of nose, sclerae, skin of axillae, around areolae, ends of fingers, cheeks, scleral deposits NEJM 347:2111-2121, 2002; Am J Med 34:813-838, 1963; black nails Vitamin B12 deficiency – black nails

Aneurysmal fibrous histiocytomas (variant of dermatofibroma) BJD 153:664-665, 2005 Atypical nevus Basal cell carcinoma, pigmented Cutis 71:404-406, 2003; Rook p.1681-1683, 1998, Sixth Edition; Acta Pathol Mibrobiol Scand 88A:5-9, 1980 Blue nevus JAAD 49:924-929, 2003; multiple congenital blue nevi BJD 152:391-393, 2005

Bowenoid papulosis – black papules Tyring p.266, 2002; Ped Derm 2:297-301, 1985; Proc R Soc Med 68:345-346, 1975 Combined spindle and melanocytic nevus Combined type blue nevus Ped Derm 14:358-360, 1994 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – congenital blue-black patch JAAD 42:907-913, 2000 Dermatosis papulosa nigra AD 89:655-658, 1964 Eccrine hidrocystomas JAAD 35:480-482, 1996 Eccrine poroma – blue-black pedunculated tumor of chin BJD 152:1070-1072, 2005 Epidermal nevus Granular cell schwannoma Hemangioma Hidroacanthoma, pigmented AD 130:913-918, 1994 Hidrocystoma – apocrine or eccrine – clear or blue or blue-black Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins pp.153-155, 1999; eyelid or facial cyst AD 137:657-662, 2001; AD 134:1627-1632, 1998; AD 115:194-200, 1979 Infantile myofibromatosis – purple-black papules and macules AD 136:597-600, 2000; JAAD 41:508, 1999 Ink spot lentigo AD 128:934-940, 1992 Kaposi’s sarcoma Lymphoma – intravascular large cell lymphoma – black macules JAAD 39:318-321, 1998 Melanocytic nevus – black nail Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition; traumatized nevus Melanoma – nodular, congenital malignant melanoma BJD 151:693-697, 2004; of lip BJD 152:1324-1326, 2005 Nevus comedonicus AD 139:93-98, 2003 Nevus sebaceus AD 140:1393-1398, 2004 Pilomatrixoma AD 110:773-774, 1974 Psammomatous melanotic schwannoma (Carney complex) AD 129:202-204, 1993 Seborrheic keratosis Rook p.1659-1660, 1998, Sixth Edition Skin tag – necrosed due to torsion Spindle cell nevus of Reed – black papule or plaque Ped Derm 47:137-139, 2002 Spitz nevus, including agminated Spitz nevi – black or black-pink nodule JAAD 52:S48-50, 2005 Syringocystadenocarcinoma papilliferum – black cauliflower-like verrucous plaque JAAD 45:755-759, 2001 Trichofolliculoma – black pore

Ephelides Melasma

Acanthosis nigricans Acne vulgaris – open comedones (blackheads) Rook p.1949-1951, 1998, Sixth Edition Alopecia areata – black dots (exclamation point hairs) Chromhidrosis JAAD 52:89-91, 2005; Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Galactorrhea Rook p.2001, 1998, Sixth Edition Giant comedone

Hidradenitis suppurativa Hyperkeratosis of the nipple Ichthyosis – X-linked ichthyosis Lichen planopilaris Rook p.1586,1904-1912, 1998, Sixth Edition Mal de Meleda – black pits Cutis 56:235-238, 1995 Reactive perforating collagenosis – black line Trichostasis spinulosa BJD 84:311-316, 1971

Delusions of parasitosis – debris presented by the patient

Atypical nevus syndrome Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Summer Meeting, American Academy of Dermatology, July 31, 2004; Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 33:117-124, 2004; Am J Med Genet 69:299-308, 1997 Universal acquired melanosis (carbon baby) – deep black color of entire integument Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.381, 2001

Lead – black nails

Black dot heel (talon noir) – hemorrhage in stratum corneum or dermal papillae Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 51:80-84, 1965 Black palm Blast tattoos from black powder firearms JAAD 17;819-825, 1987 Burn blister with central necrosis Collier’s stripes (traumatic tattoos of coal miners) JAAD 20:137-138, 1989 Frostbite – epidermal necrosis Hemorrhage – black nails Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition Lead pencil injury Radiation – black nails; post-radiation angiosarcoma Trauma with hemorrhagic crust

Angiokeratoma, solitary papular Angiosarcoma of the breast post-irradiation for breast cancer; black nodules JAAD 49:532-538, 2003 Cherry angioma, traumatized (Campbell de Morgan spots) Rook p.2092, 1998, Sixth Edition Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy – epidermal necrosis Gangrene – black nails Intravascular thrombosis (e.g. cryoglobulins) – epidermal necrosis Lymphangioma circumscriptum – blue-black Rook p.2292, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 83:519-527, 1970 Polyarteritis nodosa – in children; fever, peripheral gangrene, black necrosis, livedo reticularis, ulcers, nodules, vesiculobullous lesions, arthralgia, nodules of face and

extremities, conjunctivitis JAAD 53:724-728, 2005; Ann Rheum Dis 54:134-136, 1995 Pyogenic granuloma Rook p.2354-2355, 1998, Sixth Edition Thrombosed capillary aneurysm Vascular insufficiency – epidermal necrosis Verrucous hemangioma – linear along Blaschko’s lines JAAD 42:516-518, 2000

BLACK ORAL LESIONS Addison’s disease Antimalarials (blue-gray) AZT Blue nevus Hemangioma Hemochromatosis HIV disease Intramucous nevus Kaposi’s sarcoma Laugier-Hunziker syndrome Melanocytic nevi Melanoma Minocycline Neurofibromatosis – intraoral café au lait macule Oral melanotic macule Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome Silver amalgam tattoos Submucous hemorrhage Tattoos, ornamental Varicose veins

BLASCHKO-ESQUE ENTITIES Am J Med Genet 85:324-329, 1999

Localized unilateral chronic graft vs. host eruption after bone marrow transplant JAAD 28:888-892, 1993 Intra-epidermal IgA dermatosis Lupus erythematosus – discoid LE Ped Derm 18:396-399, 2001; Ped Derm 16:128-133, 1999; BJD 139:307-310, 1998; Hautarzt 37:335-337, 1986; bullous LE Ped Derm 12:138-144, 1995 Pemphigus vulgaris Scleroderma – linear scleroderma; linear morphea Clin Exp Dermatol 24:467-468, 1999; JAAD 38:366-368, 1998; BJD 134:594-595, 1996

Aplasia cutis congenita Human Genet 90:467-471, 1992 Linear telangiectatic erythema and mild atrophoderma Cutis 39:69-70, 1987 Psoriasis Ped Derm 13:219-221, 1996 Unilateral congenital linear atrophoderma (?atrophoderma of Moulin) Ped Derm 22:350-354, 2005

Linear fixed drug eruption Bolognia p.873, 2003 Lichenoid drug eruption Dermatology 193:66-67, 1996; nicergoline (alpha blocker)

Measles Scarlet fever in hypomelanosis of Ito Ped Derm 19:423-425, 2002

Amyloidosis – primary cutaneous amyloidosis with Blaschko-esque hyperpigmentation BJD 127:641-644, 1992; X-linked cutaneous amyloidosis (female carriers) Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; macular amyloid in incontinentia pigmenti-like pattern BJD 142:371-373, 2000

Blaschkitis (acquired relapsing self-healing Blaschko dermatitis) J Dermatol 23:639-642, 1996; JAAD 31:849-852, 1994 Erythema multiforme J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 14:203-204, 2000

Xanthomas with hyperlipidemia

Achromic nevus Acquired dermal melanocytosis JAAD 31:157-190, 1994 Adnexal tumors Basal cell nevus Basaloid follicular hamartoma – guttate macules Becker’s nevus Cutis 75:122-124, 2005 Café au lait macules Acta DV 78:378-380, 1998 Eccrine nevus Eccrine poromas JAAD 31:157-190, 1994 Eccrine spiradenoma Cutis 70:73-75, 2002; Ann DV 119:897-898, 1992 Epidermal nevi – linear and systematized (ichthyosis hystrix) (linear epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) BJD 122:417-422, 1990; JAAD 16:899-906, 1987; AD 120:223-236, 1984 Follicular mucinosis Hair follicle nevus – skin-colored facial papules JAAD 46:S125-127, 2002 Hamartoma of follicular infundibulum Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) JAAD 49:976, 2003 Linear progressive fibromatosis Bull Soc Fr Derm Syph 83:278-279, 1976 Leiomyomas (piloleiomyomas) Bolognia p.873, 2003 Melanocytic nevi – congenital, Spitz, blue, speckled lentiginous Acta DV 78:378-380, 1998; JAAD 27:853-854, 1992 Metastatic pancreatic cancer – inflammatory red plaque JAAD 31:877-80, 1994 Nevus angiolipomatosis Ghatan p.251, 2002, Second Edition

Nevus comedonicus Ped Derm 21:432-439, 2004; Bolognia p.873, 2003 Nevus corniculatus BJD 122:107-112, 1990 Nevus depigmentosus Bolognia p.873, 2003 Nevus lipomatosus superficialis Bolognia p.873, 2003 Nevus sebaceus and nevus sebaceous syndrome JAAD 44:612-615, 2001 Nevus spilus Acta DV 78:378-380, 1998; JAAD 31:157-190, 1994 Organoid nevus phakomatosis Palmoplantar verrucous nevus Bolognia p.873, 2003 Porokeratosis, linear J Dermatol 20:489-492, 1993; congenital linear porokeratosis Ped Derm 17:466-468, 2000; porokeratosis of Mibelli Porokeratotic eccrine and hair follicle nevus BJD 141:1092-1096, 1999 Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus J Cutan Pathol 15:393-395, 1988; BJD 101:717-722, 1979 Syringomas JAAD 31:157-190, 1994 Syringocystadenoma papilliferum JAAD 31:157-190, 1994 Trichodiscomas Trichoepitheliomas Bolognia p.873, 2003 Verruciform xanthoma in epidermal nevus or CHILD syndrome

Acne vulgaris – mosaic acne Lancet 352:704-705, 1998 Alopecia mucinosa Acta DV 72:155-156, 1992 Atopic dermatitis – loss of heterozygosity JAAD 53:S221-224, 2005 Atrophoderma of Moulin – acquired atrophic pigmented band-like lesions following Blaschko’s lines JAAD 49:492-498, 2003; Eur J Dermatol 10:611-613, 2000; Int J Dermatol 39:850-852, 2000; JAAD 38:366-368, 1998; BJD 135:277-279, 1996; Ann DV 119:729-736, 1992 Atrophoderma vermiculata Ped Derm 16:165, 1999 Linear bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma Bolognia p.873, 2003 Coexistent hyper-and hypopigmentation AD 132:1167-1179, 1996 Darier’s disease BJD 149; 185-188, 2003; JAAD 32:284-286, 1995; BJD 105:207-214, 1981 Grover’s disease JAAD 47:319-320, 2002; JAAD 33:920-922, 1995 Hailey-Hailey disease Bolognia p.873, 2003 Ichthyosis hystrix – epidermolytic hyperkeratosis with diffuse or striate PPK Rook p.1510, 1998, Sixth Edition Kerinokeratosis papulosa (waxy keratoses of childhood) (nevus kerinokeratoticus) JAAD 50:S84-85, 2004; Clin Exp Dermatol 19:173-176, 1994 Lentigines within segmental achromic nevi JAAD 39:330-331, 1998 Lichen planus JAAD 49:1190-1191, 2003; Ped Derm 19:541-545, 2002; Dermatology 202:340, 2001; BJD 135:275-276, 1996 Lichen planus pigmentosus JAAD 50:S78-80, 2004 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus J Korean Med Sci 19:152-154, 2004; JAAD 38:831-833, 1998; JAAD 43:903-904, 2000; JAAD 38:831-833, 1998 Lichen striatus Ped Derm 21:197-204, 2004; Ped Derm 13:95-99, 1996; Int J Dermatol 25:584-585, 1986

Lichen striatus-like leukoderma J Eur Acad DV 10:152-154, 1998 Linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis Ped Derm 10:156-158, 1993; JAAD 19:1037-1044, 1988 Pigmentary mosaicism Psoriasis JAAD 50:S81-83, 2004; Ped Derm 21:70-73, 2004; Cutis 65:167-170, 2000; Ped Derm 13:219-221, 1996; pustular psoriasis JAAD 42:329-331, 2000; psoriasis occurring at site of previous episode of lichen striatus Relapsing linear acantholytic dermatosis Rook p.1847, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 33:920-922, 1995; BJD 112:349-355, 1985 Vitiligo, segmental Bolognia p.873, 2003

Bart’s syndrome – congenital localized absence of skin with dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa Ped Derm 17:179-182, 2000 Brooke-Spiegler syndrome – linear papular eruption of eccrine spiradenomas Australas J Dermatol 44:144-148, 2003 CHILD syndrome (hemidysplasia, ichthyosiform erythroderma, unilateral limb defects (hypoplasia)) – X-linked dominant; unilateral inflammatory epidermal nevus or unilateral ichthyosiform erythroderma with skeletal abnormalities AD 123:503-509, 1987 Chimerism (human chimera) – Blaschko hyperpigmentation Bolognia p.873, 2003; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.376, 2001; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; BJD 103:489-498, 1980 Chromosomal mosaicism (segmental hypermelanosis) Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.376-377, 2001; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995 Conradi-Hünermann syndrome (chondrodysplasia punctata – X-linked dominant) – follicular atrophoderma in Blaschko distribution – X-linked Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; AD 121:1064-1065, 1985; ichthyotic and psoriasiform lesions (Blaschko hyperkeratotic scaling), nail defects, cicatricial alopecia, follicular pitted scars, skeletal anomalies JAAD 33:356-360, 1995; Hum Genet 53:65-73, 1979 Depigmented hypertrichosis with dilated follicular pores, short stature, scoliosis, short broad feet, macrocephaly, dysmorphic facies, supernumery nipple, and mental retardation (cerebral-ocular malformations) BJD 142:1204-1207, 2000 Ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency Bolognia p.873, 2003 Encephalo-cranio-cutaneous lipomotosis Bolognia p.873, 2003 Focal dermal hypoplasia, morning glory anomaly, and polymicrogyria – swirling pattern of hypopigmentation, papular hypopigmented and herniated skin lesions of face, head, hands, and feet, basaloid follicular hamartomas, mild mental retardation, macrocephaly, microphthalmia, unilateral morning glory optic disc anomaly, palmar and lip pits, and polysyndactyly Am J Med Genet 124A:202-208, 2004 Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome Goltz’s syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) JAAD 44:612-615, 2001; JAAD 28:86-89, 1993 Happle syndrome (X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata) – scalp dermatitis at birth; Blaschko hyperkeratoses, follicular atrophoderma, cicatricial alopecia Ped Derm 18:442-444, 2001; whorled ichthyosis Ped Derm 13:1-4, 1996 Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – female carrier or post-zygotic mutation in a male AD 136:217-224, 2000; Clin Genet 27:468-471, 1985 Hypomelanosis of Ito (incontinentia pigmenti achromians) – whorled depigmented patches in Blaschko pattern; associated

musculoskeletal, teeth, eye, and central nervous system abnormalities Ped Derm 19:536-540, 2002; Indian J Ped 63:573-575, 1996; JID 103:141S-143S, 1994; JAAD 19:217-255, 1988; AD 119:391-395, 1983; J Pediatr 90:236-240, 1977; Jpn J Dermatol 61:31-32, 1951 Hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets, precocious puberty, and epidermal nevus syndrome AD 133:1557-1561, 1997 Ichthyosis follicularis with atrichia and photophobia (IFAP) syndrome – linear lesions in heterozygous women Am J Med Genet 85:365-368, 1999 Incontinentia pigmenti – X-linked dominant AD 139:1163-1170, 2003; JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; Ped Derm 19:550-552, 2002; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; involvement of NF-kappaB signalling Cell Signal 15:1-7, 2003 Killian-Teschler-Nicola syndrome (tetrasomy 12p) – Blaschko hyperpigmentation – coarse facial features (prominent forehead, flat broad nasal root with short nose, anteverted nostrils, chubby cheeks, long philtrum, protruding lower lip, large low-set ears with thick lobules), localized alopecia, streaks of hyper, and hypopigmentation, mental retardation Ped Derm 17:151-153, 2000 Maffucci’s syndrome McCune-Albright’s syndrome – melanotic macules in Blaschko’s lines BJD 130:215-220, 1994; Int J Derm 23:370-375, 1984 Menke’s kinky hair syndrome – female carrier – X-linked recessive Bolognia p.873, 2003 MIDAS syndrome – atrophic Blaschko linear scars of face and neck; linear red atrophic skin (resembles aplasia cutis); microphthalmia, sclerocornea JAAD 44:612-615, 2001; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.466-467, 2001; Am J Med Genet 49:229-234, 1994 Mosaicism AD 129:1460-1470, 1993; Am J Hum Genet 45:193-205, 1989 Neurofibromatosis, segmental (type V) Bolognia p.873, 2003 Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, including unilateral nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome Bolognia p.873, 2003 Nevus comedonicus syndrome Nevus sebaceus syndrome (Schimmelpenning syndrome) Oculo-cerebro-cutaneous syndrome Bolognia p.873, 2003 Oral-facial-digital syndrome – X-linked dominant oral-facialdigital syndrome – hairless streaks along Blaschko’s lines Am J Med Genet 85:324-329, 1999; Ped Derm 16:367-370, 1999 Partington syndrome – X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (amyloid) (amyloidosis carrier) Bolognia p.873, 2003 Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica – hemiatrophy AD 134:333-337, 1998 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis – port wine stain, oculocutaneous (dermal and scleral) melanosis, CNS manifestations; type I – PWS and linear epidermal nevus; type II – PWS and dermal melanocytosis; type III – PWS and nevus spilus; type IV – PWS, dermal melanocytosis, and nevus spilus; types II,III, and IV may also have nevus anemicus Ped Derm 21:642-645, 2004; J Dermatol 26:834-836, 1999; Ped Derm 15:321-323, 1998; Ped Derm 13:33-35, 1996; AD 121:651-653, 1985; Jpn J Dermatol 52:1-3, 1947 Proteus syndrome – Blaschko epidermal nevi JAAD 52:834-838, 2005; port wine stains, subcutaneous hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, lymphangioma circumscriptum, hemihypertrophy of the face, limbs, trunk; macrodactyly, cerebriform hypertrophy of palmar and/or plantar surfaces, macrocephaly; verrucous epidermal nevi, sebaceous nevi with hyper-or hypopigmentation AD 140:947-953, 2004; Am J Med Genet 27:99-117, 1987; vascular nevi, soft subcutaneous masses; lipodystrophy, café au lait macules,

linear and whorled macular pigmentation Am J Med Genet 27:87-97, 1987; Pediatrics 76:984-989, 1985; Eur J Pediatr 140:5-12, 1983 Soto’s syndrome AD 132:1167-1170, 1996 Trisomy 13 – phylloid pigmentary pattern Ped Derm 14:278-280, 1998 Tuberous sclerosis – segmental ash leaf spot; leukodermic macules Well’s syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) Clin Exp Dermatol 24:449-451, 1999 X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia – female carriers X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder with systemic manifestations (familial cutaneous amyloidosis) (Partington syndrome II) – X-linked; rare; Xp21-22; boys with generalized reticulated muddy brown pigmentation (dyschromatosis) with hypopigmented corneal dystrophy (dyskeratosis), coarse unruly hair, unswept eyebrows, silvery hair, hypohidrosis, recurrent pneumonia with chronic obstructive disease, clubbing; failure to thrive, female carriers with linear macular nevoid Blascko-esque hyperpigmentation Ped Derm 22:122-126, 2005; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.376, 2001; Semin Cut Med Surg 16:72-80, 1997; Am J Med Gen 10:65, 1981

Angiofibromas Bolognia p.873, 2003 Angiokeratoma circumscriptum/verrucous hemangioma Angioma serpiginosum Ped Derm 20:167-168, 2003 Glomus tumors Lymphangioma circumscriptum Pigmented purpuric eruptions – lichen aureus Unilateral nevoid telangiectasia Venous malformations Verrucous hemangioma JAAD 42:516-518, 2000; AD 132:703-708, 1996

Autoerythrocyte sensitization Graft vs. host disease Lupus erythematosus, neonatal

Branchial cleft cyst (cystic papule) AD 128:1395-1400, 1992 Cephalocoele – includes anterior encephalocele JAAD 51:577-579, 2004; meningomyelocele; blue nodule with overlying hypertrichosis JAAD 46:934-941, 2002; AD 137:45-50, 2001 Congenital hemangioma of the eccrine sweat gland Ped Derm 10:341-343, 1993 Dermoid cyst – blue nodule JAAD 46:934-941, 2002 Heterotopic brain tissue (heterotopic meningeal nodules) – blue-red cystic mass with overlying alopecia Dermatol Therapy 18:104-116, 2005; JAAD 46:934-941, 2002; bald cyst of scalp with surrounding hypertrichosis AD 131:731, 1995; JAAD 28:1015, 1993; BJD 129:183-185, 1993; AD 125:1253-1256, 1989

Mucocele of lacrimal sac – blue cystic swelling below medial canthus Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.485, 2001 Nasal encephalocele Dermatol Therapy 18:104-116, 2005 Nasal glioma Dermatol Therapy 18:104-116, 2005

Digital mucous pseudocyst – Arthr Rheum 20:997-1002, 1977

Amiodarone – blue, blue-gray, slate gray Clin Cardiol 19:592-594, 1996; JAAD 11:898-900, 1984; BJD 110:451-456, 1984 Antimalarials – blue-gray pigmentation of face, neck, forearms, lower legs AD 88:419-426, 1963; yellow and blue pigmentation of pretibial areas and hard palate JAAD 39:524-525, 1998; blue nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition AZT – blue nails Bismuth – blue linear hyperpigmentation of gingival margin, soft palate, lead JAAD 37:489-490, 1997; AD 129:474-476, 1993 Bleomycin – blue nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Combination chemotherapy – cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dacarbazine; blue lunulae JAAD 32:296, 1995 Chloroquine – blue-gray pigmentation of shins Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition; blue-black nail beds AD 88:419-426, 1963 Chlorpromazine JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Clofazimine in DLE JAAD 17:867-871, 1987 Clomipramine Am J Psychiatry 146:552-553, 1989 Desipramine photopigmentation AD 129:474-476, 1993 Diltiazem – reticulated, blue-gray, photodistributed hyperpigmentation JAAD 46:468-469, 2002; AD 137:179-182, 2001 Fixed drug eruptions Gold (chrysiasis) BJD 133:671-678, 1995 Hydroxychloroquine – blue-black pigmentation Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition Imipramine JAAD 25:357-361, 1991 Iron Lead JAAD 37:489-490, 1987 Mepacrine – blue nails BJD 130:794-795, 1994 Mercury Methylene blue by intravenous injection – blue macules or blue skin; mimics cyanosis Cutis 63:103-106, 1999; NEJM 320:1756-1757, 1989 Minocycline – blue-black scleral, dental, and cutaneous pigmentation Rook p.1960, 1998, Sixth Edition; Am J Ophthalmol 125:396-397, 1998; including pseudo-Mongolian spot AD 128:565-566, 1992; post-acne osteoma cutis treated with minocycline JAAD 24:851-853, 1991; blue nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition; blue epithelial buds Perfloxin – blue-black pretibial hyperpigmentation JAAD 37:365-381, 1997 Phenolphthalein (X-Lax) – blue lunulae Ghatan p.80, 2002, Second Edition Phenothiazine Quinacrine Quinidine AD 122:1062-1064, 1986 Quinine – exogenous ochronosis from quinine injections JAAD 15:357-361, 1986

Tetracycline – blue-green pigmentation of legs following trauma Ped Derm 21:164-166, 2004 Thorazine ochronosis Vitamin K injection reaction Zidovudine – blue lunulae, blue nails JAAD 46:284-293, 2002

Accidental tattoos – collier’s stripes Br J Dermatol Syphilol 52:129-130, 1940; silversmith, IVDA Argyria – blue-gray generalized hyperpigmentation; cutaneous blue pigmentation and blue lunulae – silver salts, colloidal silver dietary supplements, nose drops (Argyrol); topical silver sulfadiazine Cutis 66:373-374, 2000; blue nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition; occupational – blue nevus-like annulus; from silver ring traumatically implanted AD 132:459-464, 1996; blue nevi-like dotted occupational argyria JAAD 27:1015-1016, 1992; localized argyria and chrysiasis from implanted silver and gold tipped acupuncture needles JAAD 29:833-837, 1993; AD 122:1550-1552, 1985; exogenous argyria due to silver mining, manufacture of silverware and metal alloys, electroplating solutions, photographic processing, jewelry, surgical and dental procedures, silver earrings, acupuncture needles JAAD 46:222-227, 2002 Black dermatographism Blue suede shoes Butyl nitrate inhalation – blue nose AD 135:90-91, 1999 Carbolic acid dressings – for chronic ulcers JAAD 52:122-124, 2005 Chrysiasis (gold) – Q-switched laser-induced chrysiasis AD 138:1012-1014, 2002 Clothing dye Cutaneous pili migrans (embedded hair) – resembling cutaneous larva migrans BJD 144:219, 2001; AD 76:254, 1957 Earring-induced localized iron tattoo JAAD 24:788-789, 1991; silver earrings; blue macules of posterior earlobe Dermatologica 177:189-191, 1988 Exogenous ochronosis – hydroquinone, phenol, resorcinol, picric acid, chloroquine (intramuscular or oral) BJD 93:613-622, 1975 FD&C blue dye no. 1 – blue discoloration of entire cutaneous surface due to enteral feedings tinted with blue dye NEJM 343:1047-1048, 2000 Foreign bodies (gravel, shrapnel) Formaldehyde nail hardeners – blue discoloration of nails Rook p.2867, 1998, Sixth Edition Mercury-containing bleaching agents – blue-gray pigmentation Cutis 61:248, 1998 Metal sutures Silversmith – traumatic silver tattoos Tattoo pigment fanning – blue periorbital hyperpigmentation Cutis 68:53-55, 2001 Textile dyes, staining Cutis 66:287-288, 2000

AIDS – blue nails without AZT Cutis 57:243-244, 1996; blue fingernails and toenails Int J STD AIDS 10:479-482, 1999 Brown recluse spider bite – blue-gray halo around bite Brucellosis (panniculitis and fasciitis of legs) Int J Derm Jan 1994 Gram-negative web space infection

Haemophilus influenzae facial cellulitis of children Ped Derm 21:90-91, 2004 Leprosy Listeria monocytogenes – neonatal purpuric, bluish papules of trunk and legs, pustular and morbilliform eruptions AD 130:245,248, 1994; red papules with central pustulation in veterinarians Hautarzt 11:201-204, 1960 Lyme borreliosis (Borrelia burgdorferi ) – acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – red to blue nodules or plaques; tissue-paper-like wrinkling; pigmented; poikilodermatous; hands, feet, elbows, knees JAAD 49:363-392, 2003; BJD 121:263-269, 1989; Int J Derm 18:595-601, 1979; lymphocytoma cutis – bluish-red plaque of earlobes in children and nipple or areola in adults JAAD 49:363-392, 2003 Measles – Koplik spots (blue-white spots on buccal mucous membrane with red areola) Rook p.1089, 1998, Sixth Edition Mycobacterium tuberculosis – miliary tuberculosis; large crops of blue papules, vesicles, pustules, hemorrhagic papules; red nodules; vesicles become necrotic to form ulcers Practitioner 222:390-393, 1979; Am J Med 56:459-505, 1974; AD 99:64-69, 1969 Pediculosis pubis – maculae cerulae Int J Dermatol 25:383-384, 1986 Pinta – slate blue hyperpigmentation AD 135:685-688, 1999 Pneumocystis carinii (macule) AD 127:1699-1701, 1991 Rubella, congenital – blueberry muffin baby Sea urchin spines – initial edema; delayed onset of bluish papules and nodules (granulomas); fusiform swelling of digits Clin Exp Dermatol 2:405-407, 1977 Seal finger Sepsis, neonatal – extramedullary hematopoiesis Sporotrichosis (blue nodules) Syphilis – macular syphilid TORCH syndrome – extramedullary hematopoiesis, blueberry muffin baby

Congenital self-healing histiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker disease) – congenital crusted red or blue nodules Skin and Allergy News, Feb 2001, p.31 Langerhans cell histiocytosis; urticating Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Hashimoto-Pritzker disease) – red-blue papules Ped Derm 18:41-44, 2001; JAAD 14:867-873, 1986; blueberry muffin baby JAAD 53:S143-146, 2005 Urticaria pigmentosa

Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation Subcutaneous fat necrosis – blue plaques BJD 150:357-363, 2004

Addison’s disease JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Blueberry muffin baby – widespread blue, purple, or red macules papules or nodules of trunk, head, and neck; may develop petechiae on surface Rook p.478-479, 1998, Sixth Edition

Carcinoid syndrome – flushing, patchy cyanosis (blue nose), hyperpigmentation, telangiectasia, pellagrous dermatitis, salivation, lacrimation, abdominal cramping, wheezing, diarrhea Acta DV(Stockh) 41:264-276, 1961; AD 77:86-90, 1958 Chronic nutritional dictionary Cyanosis JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Dermal erythropoiesis (extramedullary hematopoiesis) JAAD 20:1104-1110, 1989

Congenital infections Herpes simplex JAAD 53:S143-146, 2005 Rubella Coxsackie B2 Cytomegalovirus Syphilis Toxoplasmosis

Hereditary spherocytosis Rh incompatibility ABO blood-group incompatibility Twin-twin transfusion syndrome Pediatrics 74:527-529, 1984 Neoplastic infiltrates

Congenital leukemia Neuroblastoma Congenital rhabdomyosarcoma

Other disorders Langerhans cell histiocytosis JAAD 53:S143-146, 2005; Ann DV 119:111-117, 1992 Neonatal lupus erythematosus

Endometriosis – blue cutaneous nodule duVivier p.686, 2003; firm blue nodules of vulva Obstet 40:28-34, 1972 Gangliosidosis type 1 – extensive Mongolian spots BJD 104:195-200, 1981; GM 1 gangliosidosis type 1 – angiokeratoma corporis diffusum Clin Genet 36:59-64, 1989 Hemochromatosis JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Hemoglobin M disease – blue lunulae Hereditary spherocytosis – extramedullary hematopoiesis Lysosomal storage disease – anterior and posterior dermal melanocytosis in Hurler’s disease, GM, gangliosidosis type 1, Neimann-Pick disease, Hunter’s disease, α-mannisidosis AD 139:916-920, 2003 Methemoglobinemia JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Myelofibrosis – extramedullary hematopoiesis Nutritional deficiency, chronic Ochronosis (alkaptonuria) – homogentisic acid dioxygenase deficiency; autosomal recessive; blue-black earwax, urine, cartilage of nose and ear, blue tarsal plates of eyelids, blue-black patches of sclerae; skin of axillae, around areolae, ends of fingers, cheeks, scleral deposits; blue pigmentation overlying extensor tendons of knuckles JAAD 52:122-124, 2005; NEJM 347:2111-2121, 2002; Am J Med 34:813-838, 1963 Osteoma cutis – blue papules BJD 146:1075-1080, 2002; osteoma cutis with minocycline AD 134:861-866, 1998; multiple miliary osteoma cutis of chest AD 141:389-394, 2005 Pernicious anemia, congenital – blue nails Ghatan p.78, 2002, Second Edition Progressive osseous heteroplasia AD 132:787-791, 1996 Wilson’s disease – blue lunulae Rook p.2725, 1998, Sixth Edition

Acrospiroma – blue-red nodule Cutis 58:349-351, 1996 Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, congenital Angioleiomyoma JAAD Dec 1993 Angiolipoma (nodule) AD 126:666-667, 669, 1990; AD 82:924-931, 1960

Aneurysmal fibrous histiocytomas (variant of dermatofibroma) BJD 153:664-665, 2005 Apocrine hidrocystoma – blue cystic papule AD 115:194-200, 1979 Basal cell carcinoma – cystic – papule Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.26, 1999; pigmented basal cell carcinoma Blueberry muffin baby with congenital leukemia or neuroblastoma Blue nevi JAAD 49:924-929, 2003; JID 22:225-236, 1954

Acquired multiple blue nevi BJD 144:440-442, 2001 Agminated Dermatology 186:144-148, 1993; JAAD 4:50-53, 1981 Cellular Cancer 21:393-405, 1968 Combination blue nevus and neurocristic hamartoma JAAD 49:924-929, 2003 Common Compound Congenital Eruptive JAAD 4:50-53, 1981 Familial multiple blue nevi Clin Exp Dermatol 16:308-309, 1991 Large congenital combined nevus – plaque-type blue nevus with a nevus spilus-like background Malignant JAAD 19:712-722, 1988, Cutis 58:40-42, 1996 Plaque-type AD 127:587, 1991

Carcinoid – primary cutaneous carcinoid of chest Virchows Arch 408:99-103, 1985 Chordoma, metastatic Cutis 54:250-252, 1994 Clear cell hidradenoma Ped Derm 17:235-237, 2000; Cancer 23:641-657, 1969 Combined nevus – blue-black Rook p.1732, 1998, Sixth Edition; Ped Derm 14:358-360, 1994 Congenital hamartoma of the eccrine sweat gland – blue painless swelling JAAD 47:429-435, 2002 Congenital primitive neuroectodermal tumors Congenital segmental dermal melanocytosis AD 128:521-525, 1992

vs. Acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules Blue nevus Mongolian spot Nevus of Ito Nevus of Ota

Cylindromas – bluish, pink, red, or skin-colored nodules of scalp, face, nose, and around ears and neck Cystic hidradenoma Dermal melanocytic hamartoma AD 117:102-104, 1981 Dermal melanocytosis within an angiosarcoma J Cutan Pathol 16:149-153, 1989 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans – congenital blue-black patch JAAD 42:907-913, 2000 Disseminated dermal melanocytosis BJD 101:197-205, 1979 Eccrine acrospiroma – papule Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.55, 1999; giant JAAD 23:663-668, 1990 Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma – vascular nodule; macule, red plaque, acral nodule of infants or neonates; painful, red, purple, blue, yellow, brown, skin-colored Ped Derm 22:175-176, 2005; JAAD 47:429-435, 2002; JAAD 37:523-549, 1997; Ped Derm 14:401-402, 1997; Ped Derm 13:139-142, 1996; skin-colored nodule with blue papules JAAD 41:109-111, 1999 Eccrine hidrocystoma (cystic) AD 124:935-940, 1988; AD 108:676-679, 1973

Eccrine poroma – blue-black pedunculated tumor of chin BJD 152:1070-1072, 2005 Eccrine spiradenoma – solitary, painful, blue nodule of anterior trunk and proximal extremities Dermatol Surg 26:877-882, 2000; JAAD 2:59-61, 1980 Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma – blueberry muffin baby AD 138:689-694, 2002 Cutaneous endometriosis J Cutan Pathol 13:89, 1986 Epidermoid cyst JAAD 52:921-922, 2005; Rook p.1667, 1998, Sixth Edition Eruptive vellus hair cysts AD 131:341-6, 1995; AD 124:1101-1106, 1988; JAAD 3:425-429, 1980 Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma – red-blue congenital sacral mass Soc Ped Derm Annual Meeting, July 2005 Fibrous histiocytoma Generalized eruptive histiocytoma – hundreds of skin-colored, brown, blue-red papules; resolve with macular pigmentation; face, trunk, proximal extremities JAAD 20:958-964, 1989; JAAD 17:499-454, 1987; AD 117:216-221, 1981; AD 116:565-567, 1980; Proc R Soc Med 56:1175-1178, 1973; AD 96:11-17, 1967 Hamartoma of neural origin (blue blebs) JAAD 13:1046-1047, 1985 Hidrocystoma – eccrine or apocrine; eyelid cyst Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.153-155, 1999 Histiocytic lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma) – blue-red nodules Am J Dermatopathol 14:511-517, 1992; Cancer 62:1970-1980, 1988 Kaposi’s sarcoma Tyring p.227, 2002; Rook p.1063,2358-2360, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 38:143-175, 1998; Dermatology 190:324-326, 1995; intraoral bluish macule or nodule JAAD 41:860-862, 1999; Rook p.1063, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 38:143-175, 1998; Dermatology 190:324-326, 1995 Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma – blue-black nodule JAAD 48:S51-53, 2003; J Cutan Pathol 15:129-141, 1988; Pathol Eur 9:307-315, 1974; red, brown, yellow or hypopigmented JAAD 46:477-490, 2002 Leukemia cutis – chloroma – blue-gray plaques of acute or chronic myelogenous leukemia AD 123:251-256, 1987; AD 71:605-614, 1955; congenital monoblastic leukemia JAAD 21:347-351, 1989 Lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves tumor) – blue nodules in lymphedematous extremity Arch Surg 94:223-230, 1967; Cancer 1:64-81, 1948 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma – blue polka dots Cutis 34:373-374, 1984; nasal lymphoma – blue nose JAAD 38:310-313, 1998; immunocytoma (low grade B-cell lymphoma) – blue or reddish-brown papules JAAD 44:324-329, 2001; angiotropic large cell lymphoma – blue plaques of breasts and shoulders JAAD 48:633, 2003; NK/T-cell lymphoma – blue plaque of thigh Soc Ped Derm Annual Meeting, 2005 Malignant deep sclerosing blue nevus – blue plaque BJD 151:508-511, 2004 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (multilobulated nodule) Malignant glomus tumor – blue-red mass Am J Surg Pathol 20:233-238, 1996 Melanocytic nevus, congenital; combined compound and blue nevus

Melanoma – primary JAAD 20:261-266, 1989; metastatic melanoma – diffuse melanosis JAAD 50:293-298, 2004; JAAD

35:295-297, 1996; primary dermal melanoma AD 140:121-126, 2004; dermal melanosis Arch Dermatol Syphiligr 28:395-403, 1972; slate blue Dermatology 197:338-342, 1998; JAAD 35:295-297, 1996; primary or metastatic melanoma mimicking blue nevi Am J Surg Pathol 23:276-282, 1999; generalized melanosis due to melanoma in acne scars AD 134:861-866, 1998; JAAD 20:261-266, 1989; lentigo maligna; lentigo maligna melanoma Merkel cell carcinoma – reddish-blue nodules; legs, lip, eyelid, scalp, nose Histopathology 7:229-249, 1983 Mongolian spots – dermal melanocytosis; congenital, persistent JAAD 16:788-792, 1987; Clin Pediatr 20:714-719, 1981; J Dermatol 7:449-450, 1980 Mucinous carcinoma of skin – blue-gray nodule JAAD 36:323-326, 1997; of eyelid JAAD 49:941-943, 2003 Mucocele – intraoral blue cyst AD 101:673-678, 1970 Multiple pigmented terminal hair cysts JAAD 23:1183, 1990 Nasal glioma Nerve sheath myxoma – blue-black Am J Dermatopathol 21:55-62, 1999 Neurilemmoma Neuroblastoma, cutaneous metastases – blue or blue-gray papules or nodules – become white when stroked Curr Prob Derm 14:41-70, 2002; AD 133:775-780, 1997; JAAD 30:243-249, 1994; JAAD 26:620-628, 1992; JAAD 24:1025-1027, 1991 Neurocristic hamartoma – verrucous blue plaque of scalp JAAD 49:924-929, 2003; pilar neurocristic hamartoma AD 118:592-596, 1982 Neurothekoma, cellular – mimics melanocytic nevi Am J Surg Pathol 14:113-120, 1990 Nevus of Ito (nevus fuscoceruleus acromio-deltoideus) Rook p.1731-1732,3256, 1998, Sixth Edition; Tohoku J Exp Med 60:10-20, 1954; J Exp Med 60:10, 1939 Nevus of Ota (nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris) JAAD 47:S257-259, 2002; Clin Dermatol 7:11-27, 1989; AD 85:195-208, 1962; BJD 67:317-319, 1955; Jpn J Dermatol 46:369-374, 1939 Nevus of Ota-like macules (acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules) (acquired symmetrical dermal melanocytosis) (Hori’s nevus) BJD 152:903-908, 2005; JAAD 48:584-591, 2003; JAAD 10:961-964, 1984 Pigmented spindle-cell nevus of Reed JAAD 28:565-571, 1993 Pilomatrixoma – papule Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.71, 1999; Rook p.1700, 1998, Sixth Edition; Pediatr Rev 11 (9):262-267, 1990; Cancer 45:2368-2373, 1980; AD 83:606-618, 1961 Plasmacytoma – extramedullary plasmacytoma – blue nodule JAAD 19:879-890, 1988; AD 127:69-74, 1991 Ranula – intraoral blue lesion Salivary duct cyst – intraoral blue lesion Smooth muscle hamartoma – bluish-brown pigmentation J Derm Surg 11:714-717, 1985 Spitz nevus Cutis 58:35-39, 1996 Steatocystoma JAAD 43:396-399, 2000 Trichoepitheliomas (Brooke’s tumor) – multiple – cheeks, eyelids, nasolabial folds; upper trunk and arms; yellow to pink, bluish, telangiectasias on surface AD 126:953,956, 1990; J Cutan Pathol 13:111-117, 1986

Lichen planus actinicus – blue-gray Cutis 72:377-381, 2003 Melasma Riehl’s melanosis

Acne rosacea Ghatan p.60, 2002, Second Edition Acne vulgaris – open comedones; inflamed acne cyst with hemorrhage Acquired dermal melanocytosis – blue-black JAAD 45:609-613, 2001 Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans – bluish-red edema of extremities BJD 147:375-378, 2002 Anetoderma, primary AD 120:1032-1039, 1984 Apocrine chromhidrosis (blue dots) JAAD 21:418-420, 1989 Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini JAAD 30:441-446, 1994 Blue lunulae

Amorolfine Antimalarials – quinacrine, chloroquine, camoquine Argyria AZT infection Bichloride of mercury (topical) Combination chemotherapy – cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, vincristine, doxorubicin, dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, dactinomycin, bleomycin, busulfan Cupric acid Cyanotic disease Enchondromas Galvanizers (silver or cyanide) Glomus tumor Hemochromatosis Hemoglobin M disease Hereditary acrolabial telangiectasias HIV infection Minocycline Ochronosis Oxalic acid (in radiators) Phenophthalein purgative Pseudomonas paronychia PUVA Quinacrine Thallium Zidovudine

Erythema dyschromicum perstans (ashy dermatosis) – blue-gray patches Cutis 68:25-28, 2001; AD 124:1258-1260, 1988 Giant comedone Granuloma faciale Ghatan p.60, 2002, Second Edition Granuloma multiforme Int J Derm Jan 1994 Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation JID Nov. 94 Vol 103 Lichen planus – active in dark skinned patients; resolving; linear Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus – bluish-white plaques of mouth Rook p.2549-2551, 1998, Sixth Edition Macular amyloid Pigmented pityriasis alba Ped Derm 10:1-5, 1993 Pityriasis rosea Pseudomyxoma peritonei – blue translucent umbilical lesion AD 96:462-463, 1967 Psoriasis in black patients Rook p.3250, 1998, Sixth Edition

Striae distensae (striae atrophicans) Rook p.2004,2008, 1998, Sixth Edition Terra firme – personal observation Vitiligo – blue vitiligo JAAD 30:829-833, 1994

Factitial purpura

Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (pseudohypoparathyroidism) – osteoma cutis; blue-tinged stony-hard papules Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.407, 2001 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome – blue fingers and toes Semin Arthritis Rheum 31:127-132, 2001; JAAD 36:149-168, 1997; JAAD 36:970-982, 1997; BJD 120:419-429, 1989 Atrichia with papular lesions Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (Bean syndrome) – blue lesions of skin and mucous membranes JAAD 50:S101-106, 2004; Cutis 62:97-98, 1998; Trans Pathol Soc 11:267, 1860 Carney complex (NAME/LAMB) – epithelioid blue nevi JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Cornelia de Lange syndrome – specific facies, skin around eyes and nose with bluish tinge, hypertrichosis of forehead, face, back, shoulders, and extremities, synophrys; long delicate eyelashes, cutis marmorata Rook p.428, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 37:295-297, 1997 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome – blue sclerae; blue-gray molluscoid pseudotumors (hematomas) over pressure points, pretibially, and on forearms JAAD 46:161-183, 2002; Rook p.2032-2038, 1998, Sixth Edition Fabry’s disease – angiokeratoma corporis diffusum Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome Goltz’s syndrome – blue sclerae Rook p.3008, 1998, Sixth Edition Hallermann-Streiff syndrome – blue sclerae J Pediatr 93:892-893, 1978 Hemimaxillofacial dysplasia (segmental odontomaxillary dysplasia) (HATS – hemimaxillary enlargement, asymmetry of face, skin findings) – facial asymmetry, hypertrichosis of the face, unilateral maxillary enlargement, partial anodontia, delayed eruption of teeth, gingival thickening of affected segment, Becker’s nevus, hairy nevus (hypertrichosis), lip hypopigmentation, depression of cheek, erythema, hypoplastic teeth Ped Derm 21:448-451, 2004; JAAD 48:161-179, 2003; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 64:445-448, 1987 Hereditary acrolabial telangiectasia – blue lips, areolae, blue lunulae and nail beds, telangiectasias on hands, chest, and elbows, dorsa of hands, varicosities of legs, migraine headaches AD 115:474-478, 1979 Hunter’s syndrome – extensive Mongolian spots BJD 148:1173-1178, 2003; AD 134:108-109, 1998; JAAD 39:1013-1015, 1998; Am J Med Genet 47:456-457, 1993 Hurler’s syndrome – extensive Mongolian spots BJD 148:1173-1178, 2003; AD 134:108-109, 1998; JAAD 39:1013-1015, 1998 Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome – midfacial cyanosis Incontinentia pigmenti – blue-gray hyperpigmentation of third stage; blue sclerae; atrophic stage Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995; AD 112:535-542, 1976

Kabuki makeup syndrome – blue sclerae J Pediatr 105:849-850, 1984 Maffucci’s syndrome – deep venous malformations Ped Derm 12:55-58, 1995 Marfan syndrome – blue sclerae; long extremities, arachnodactyly, skeletal, ocular, cardiovascular defects Rook p.2030-2031, 1998, Sixth Edition; Int J Derm 28:291-299, 1989 Marshall-Smith syndrome J Med Genet 17:174-178, 1980 Neurofibromatosis type I – blue-red macules A 118:577-581, 1982; subungual glomus tumors JAAD 32:277-278, 1995 Niemann-Pick disease – mongolian spots of skin and oral mucosa Rook p.2644, 1998, Sixth Edition Osteogenesis imperfecta (Cole-Carpenter syndrome) – blue sclerae; thin fragile skin J Pediatr 110:76-80, 1987; Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 104:191-195, 1985;J Med Genet 16:101-116, 1979; blue teeth JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica – speckled lentiginous nevus in association with nevus sebaceous Dermatology 197:377-380, 1998 Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis – port wine stain, oculocutaneous (dermal and scleral) melanosis, CNS manifestations; type I – PWS and linear epidermal nevus; type II – PWS and dermal melanocytosis; type IIb – nevus flammeus and aberrant mongolian spots AD 129:340-342, 1993; type III – PWS and nevus spilus; type IV – PWS, dermal melanocytosis, and nevus spilus; types II,III, and IV may also have nevus anemicus Ped Derm 21:642-645, 2004; J Dermatol 26:834-836, 1999; Ped Derm 15:321-323, 1998; Ped Derm 13:33-35, 1996; AD 121:651-653, 1985; Jpn J Dermatol 52:1-3, 1947; phakomatosis cesioflammea – Mongolian spots or dermal melanocytosis with one or more port wine stains AD 141:385-388, 2005; phakomatosis cesiomarmorata – Mongolian spot and cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita AD 141:385-388, 2005 POEMS syndrome – cutaneous angiomas, blue dermal papules associated with Castleman’s disease (benign reactive angioendotheliomatosis), diffuse hyperpigmentation, morphea-like changes, maculopapular brown-violaceous lesions, purple nodules JAAD 44:324-329, 2001; JAAD 40:808-812, 1999; Cutis 61:329-334, 1998; JAAD 21:1061-1068, 1989; AD 124:695-698, 1988;JAAD 12:961-964, 1985 Pseudoxanthoma elasticum – blue sclerae AD 124:1559, 1988; JAAD 42:324-328, 2000; Dermatology 199:3-7, 1999 Roberts-pseudothalidomide syndrome – blue sclerae Hum Genet 61:372-374, 1982 Russel-Silver syndrome – blue sclerae; café au lait macules, short immature bones, triangular facies Ghatan p.201, 2002, Second Edition; JAAD 40:877-890, 1999; J Med Genet 36:837-842, 1999 Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity – blue sclerae Skel Radiol 5:205-212, 1980 Steatocystoma multiplex Turner’s syndrome – blue sclerae JAAD 36:1002-1004, 1996

Chilblains IVDA – skin popping; intravenous drugs Radiation – post-radiation angiosarcoma Rectus sheath hematoma of abdomen Ritualistic behavior (cupping) Subungual hematoma Traumatic tattoos

Acquired phlebectasia of the glans penis JAAD 13:824-826, 1985 Acquired progressive lymphangioma JAAD 24:813-815, 1991 Acral arteriovenous hemangioma Dermatologica 113:129-141, 1956 Acroangiodermatitis – resembles Kaposi’s sarcoma BJD 120:575-580, 1989; acroangiodermatitis of the amputation stump BJD 131:915-917, 1994 Acrocyanosis – blue hands, nails, feet, nose, ears, lips, nipples JAAD S207-208, 2001 Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy – Seidlmayer’s syndrome Aneurysmal dilatation of the internal jugular vein – soft blue neck mass Ped Clin North Am 6:1151-1160, 1993 Angiokeratoma Angiokeratoma circumscriptum AD 117:138-139, 1981 Angiokeratoma of Mibelli – autosomal dominant; associated with chilblains; on dorsum of fingers, toes, hands, feet AD 106:726-728, 1972 Angiokeratoma, solitary papular – occur after trauma in adult life – red to blue-black; may rapidly enlarge or bleed and simulate melanoma AD 117:138-139, 1981; AD 95:166-175, 1967 Angiosarcoma Cancer 44:1106-1113, 1979; blue plaque JAAD 12:922-926, 1985; resembling arteriovenous malformation JAAD 49:530-531, 2003; angiosarcoma of the breast JAAD 49:532-538, 2003; blue nodules JAAD 50:867-874, 2004 Arteriovenous fistula (traumatic) – of lip Cutis 62:235-237, 1998 Arteriovenous malformation – faint blue macule of scalp JAAD 46:934-941, 2002 Buerger’s disease Cherry angioma Cirsoid aneurysm (arteriovenous fistula) – blue non-pulsatile nodules of nail fold BJD 115:361-366, 1986; digital arteriovenous malformation – subungual blue papule BJD 147:1007-1011, 2002; BJD 136:472-473, 1997 Coagulopathy Cobb’s syndrome Congenital non-progressive hemangiomas – blue nodules AD 137:1607-1620, 2001 Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa – plaque JAAD 13:661-663, 1985 Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita Ecchymoses (normal bruising) Glomus tumors (glomangioma), multiple or plaque type Ped Derm 19:402-408, 2002; hemi-facial JAAD 45:239-245, 2001; Ped Derm 18:223-226, 2001; AD 127:1717-1722, 1991; subungual or solitary Rook p.2357,2848, 1998, Sixth Edition Hemangioma, especially deep infantile hemangiomas Rook p.553-554, 1998, Sixth Edition Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson’s tumor) – mimics angiosarcoma; red-blue tender nodule AD 114:723-726, 1978 Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome – blue nails Ghatan p.77, 2002, Second Edition Lymphangioma of alveolar ridges of black infants Pediatrics 56:881, 1976 Lymphangiosarcoma of Stewart-Treves Malignant angioendotheliomatosis JAAD 18:407-412, 1988 Masson’s intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (pseudoangiosarcoma) Cutis 59:148-150, 1997 Multiple progressive angioma – blue compressible nodules on face of children or teenagers; may be distributed along vein Acta DV (Stockh) 31:304-307, 1951 Pernio, chronic – blue toes Int Angiol 11:46-50, 1992

Pigmented purpuric eruption Purpura fulminans (DIC) – blue nose Purpura simplex Pyogenic granuloma – blue-black papule Rook p.2354-2355, 1998, Sixth Edition Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma – large violaceous gray-blue nodule of scalp with overlying telangiectasia Soc Ped Derm Annual Meeting, 2005 Reactive hemangioendotheliomatosis – red-blue patch JAAD 42:903-906, 2000 Sinus pericranii – alopecic blue nodule of scalp JAAD 46:934-941, 2002 Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma (Maffucci’s syndrome) – blue papule or nodule AD 138:259-264, 2002; JAAD 42:275-279, 2000; JAAD 37:887-920, 1997 Telangiectasias Derm Surg 23:55-59, 1997 Thrombosed capillary aneurysm Thrombosed vein Clin Podiatr Med Surg 13:85-89, 1996 Tufted angioma – blue plaque or nodule Ped Derm 19:394-401, 2002; oral red or blue papule BJD 142:794-799, 2000 Varicosities, including thrombosed varix of the eyelid – papule Eyelid and Conjunctival Tumors, Shields JA and Shields CL, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins p.119, 1999. Vascular anomaly (malformation) Vasculitis, including urticarial vasculitis Venous aneurysm – painful blue nodule of hand AD 140:1393-1398, 2004 Venous and lymphatic malformations AD 139:1409-1416, 2003; JAAD 46:934-941, 2002; JAAD 45:239-245, 2001 Venous lake AD 74:459-463, 1956 Venous stasis ulceration (chronic venous insufficiency) – bluish discoloration precedes ulceration Rook p.2258, 1998, Sixth Edition Verrucous hemangioma – bluish-red Ped Derm 17:213-217, 2000 Congenital Volkmann ischemic contracture (neonatal compartment syndrome) – upper extremity circumferential contracture from wrist to elbow; necrosis, cyanosis, edema, eschar, bullae, purpura; irregular border with central white ischemic tissue with formation of bullae, edema, or spotted bluish color with necrosis, a reticulated eschar or whorled pattern with contracture of arm; differentiate from necrotizing fasciitis, congenital varicella, neonatal gangrene, aplasia cutis congenital, amniotic band syndrome, subcutaneous fat necrosis, epidermolysis bullosa BJD 150:357-363, 2004 Wegener’s granulomatosis – blue gingival hypertrophy Zosteriform venous malformations Dermatologica 161:347-354, 1980; AD 113:848-849, 1977

BLUEBERRY MUFFIN LESIONS, NEONATE Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.314, 2001; Semin Dermatol 14:179-186, 1995 AIDS Ghatan p.239, 2002, Second Edition Alveolar cell rhabdomyosarcoma Acta Paediatr 89:115-117, 2000; J Dermatol 16:409-411, 1989 Chromosome 20, genetic anomaly Ann DV 125:199-201, 1998 Chronic fetomaternal hemorrhage Bolognia p.1946, 2003 Coxsackie virus B2 JAAD 37:673-705, 1997 Cytomegalovirus AD 126:113, 1988 Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis Ped Derm 14:383-386, 1997

Extramedullary hematopoiesis Hemolytic anemia – severe and chronic prenatal anemias; congenital spherocytosis Bolognia p.1946, 2003 Hemolytic disease of newborn (Rh or ABO incompatibility) J Ped 107:799, 1985 Hereditary spherocytosis AD 117:492, 1981 Intracranial hemorrhage (severe internal bleeding) Bolognia p.1946, 2003 Langerhans cell histiocytosis JAAD 53:S143-146, 2005; Ped Derm 20:335-338, 2003 Leukemia – congenital leukemia – acute myelogenous leukemia Ped Derm 21:458-461, 2004; JAAD 21:347, 1989; monocytic leukemia AD 132:341-346, 1996; monoblastic leukemia AnnDV 126:157-159, 1999; JAAD 21:347-351, 1989; aleukemic congenital leukemia cutis Ped Derm 21:458-461, 2004 Neonatal lupus erythematosus Neuroblastoma metastases to skin J Urol 104:193, 1970 Normals JAAD 37:673-705, 1997 Parvovirus B19 JAAD 37:673-705, 1997; J Pediatr 128:579-586, 1996 Rhabdomyosarcoma (alveolar cell rhabdomyosarcoma), congenital Ped Derm 20:335-338, 2003 Rubella Tyring p.524, 2002; Ped 40:627-635, 1967 Sepsis, neonatal Transient neonatal myeloproliferative disorder An Pediatrics (Barc)61:546-550, 2004 Toxoplasmosis Bolognia p.1947, 2003 Twin transfusion syndrome Pediatrics 74:527-529, 1984

Amastia Aplasia Asymmetry with ptosis of the breast Aesth Plast Surg 13:47-53, 1989 Becker’s nevus syndrome – breast hypoplasia Am J Med Genet 68:357-361, 1997 Byars-Jurkiewicz syndrome – giant fibroadenomas of the breast, secondary kyphosis, hypertrichosis, gingival fibromatosis Plast Reconstr Surg 27:608-612, 1961 Congenital asymmetry (idiopathic) Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Finlay-Marks syndrome (scalp-ear-nipple syndrome) – nipple or breast hypoplasia or aplasia, aplasia cutis congenita of scalp, cleft lip/palate, cardiac malformations, polydactyly, narrow convex nails Bolognia p.924, 2003 Hamartoma of the breast Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 31:365-369, 1997 Hypoplasia associated with hypertrophy Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Incontinentia pigmenti – breast hypoplasia or aplasia JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome – unilateral brown hyperpigmented plaques with hypertrichosis; generalized checkerboard pattern, ipsilateral hypoplasia of the breast, skeletal abnormalities JAAD 50:957-961, 2004 Poland’s chest wall deformity – breast and pectoralis muscle hypoplasia; absence of axillary hair, ipsilateral syndactyly, dermatoglyphic abnormalities Plast Reconstr Surg 99:429-436, 1997

Supernumerary breasts Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.117, 2001; Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Tricho-odonto-onycho-ectodermal dysplasia (linear dermal hypoplasia) – hypotrichosis, hypodontia, focal linear dermal hypoplasia of the tip of the nose, irregular hyperpigmentation of the back, bilateral amastia and athelia, nerve hearing loss AD 122:1047-1053, 1986 Uneven bilateral hypertrophy Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Unilateral hypoplasia or hypertrophy Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994

Abscesses – Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative (Staphylococcus epidermidis) – abscesses of breast in the neonate Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.190, 2001; Mycobacterium abscessus mastitis following body piercing Clin Inf Dis 33:131-134, 2001 Becker’s nevus – unilateral breast hypoplasia Clin Exp Derm 22:240-241, 1997; AD 128:992-993, 1992 Breast carcinoma; including male breast cancer – unilateral gynecomastia Cutis 69:98-102, 2002 Chest burns Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Fibroadenomas, giant S Afr J Surg 27:171-172, 1989 Filariasis – chronic edema of breast with elephantiasis Dermatol Clin 7:313-321, 1989 Finasteride – unilateral gynecomastia AD 138:543-544, 2002 Intralesional steroids Leukemia – acute lymphoblastic leukemia masquerading as gynecomastia Am J Med 108:677-679, 2000 Lupus erythematosus – lupus panniculitis (lupus profundus) – thighs, buttocks, arms, breasts, face Rook p.2451, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 122:576, 1986; AD 103:231-242, 1971 Morphea – morphea in hypoplastic breast BJD 93 (Suppl 11): 44-45, 1975 Neoplasm Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Oleomas – multiple subcutaneous oleomas due to injection with sesame seed oil BJD 149:1289-1290, 2003 Poland syndrome J Bone Joint Surg 58 (11):52-58, 1976 Radiation therapy in childhood Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Resolving hemangioma Scarring due to infection, surgery, or burns Silicone collapse Superpotent topical steroids

Allergic contact dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid Lupus mastitis – sclerosis of the breast JAAD 29:343-346, 1993 Morphea Pemphigus erythematosus Progressive systemic sclerosis

Accessory nipple

Corticosteroid acne Corticosteroid atrophy Indinivir – breast hypertrophy J Clin Inf Dis 25:937-938, 1997

Hair sinus of the breast Irritant contact dermatitis Silicone migration

Cryptococcosis – breast mass J Clin Inf Dis 1166-1169, 1995 Herpes simplex, including eczema herpeticum Herpes zoster Infectious eczematoid dermatitis Lyme disease Mastitis Mycobacterium abscessus – mastitis Clin Inf Dis 33:131-134, 2001 Scabies Subareolar abscess Syphilis, secondary

Amyloidosis – primary cutaneous – pigmentation of the breast AD 123:1557-1562, 1982 Urticaria pigmentosa

Acute mastitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Sarcoid

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

Becker’s nevus with homolateral mammary hypoplasia Cutis 68:123-124, 2001; Am J Med Genet 68:357-361, 1997 Breast cancer, primary – women, men Eur J Surg Oncol 19:581-586, 1993 Keloids Leukemic infiltrates of breast JAAD 43:733-751, 2000 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma; immunoblastic lymphoma Metastatic breast carcinoma Paget’s disease Sclerosis of the breast

Inflammatory cancer of the breast Lupus mastitis JAAD 29:343-346, 1993 Morphea Scirrhous carcinoma

Syringomas

Atopic dermatitis Erosive adenomatosis of the nipple Fox-Fordyce disease Granuloma annulare Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Parapsoriasis en plaque Pityriasis rosea Pityriasis rubra pilaris Psoriasis Pustular psoriasis Striae Superficial vegetating pyoderma

Factitial dermatitis

Carney complex – breast myxomas with generalized breast enlargement JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Cowden’s syndrome – benign gynecomastia in male Rook p.2711, 1998, Sixth Edition Goltz’s syndrome Hypomelanosis of Ito Reticular erythematous mucinosis syndrome (REM syndrome) Romberg syndrome Arch Neurol 39:44-49, 1982 Neurofibromatosis, including segmental neurofibromatosis Steatocystoma multiplex Sweet’s syndrome

Hypertrophic scars secondary to breast feeding Jogger’s nipples Post-radiation morphea Radiation dermatitis

Breast lymphedema Cherry angioma Fat emboli – petechiae Lymphangioma circumscriptum Thrombosed angioma

Lupus mastitis (lupus panniculitis of the breast) – nodule JAAD 29:343-346, 1993

Neonatal hypertrophy of the mammary glands – with neonatal lactation (‘witch’s milk’)

Old age NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Paraplegia NEJM 328:490-495, 1993

Chorionic gonadotropin NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Drugs – amiloride, anabolic steroids, cyproterone acetate,amiodarone NEJM 315:1553, 1986; amphetamines, androgens, busulfan, captopril, chorionic gonadotropin, cimetidine, cytotoxic agents, diazepam, diethyppropion, digitalis, domperidone, estrogens, isoniazid, ketoconazole, marijuana, methyldopa, metoclopramide, nifidipine, nitrosoureas, exogenous cortisol, gonadotropins, testosterone, D-penicillamine, phenothiazines, phenytoin, reserpine, spironolactone, tricyclic antidepressants, vincristine Rook p.3153, 1998, Sixth Edition; HAART therapy – gynecomastia Clin Inf Dis 33:891-893, 2001 Penicillamine Arthritis Rheum 21:167-168, 1978 Protease inhibitor (saquinavir, nelfinavir, indinavir) JAAD 46:284-293, 2002

Breast implants Rook p.3155, 1998, Sixth Edition Heroin Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Marijuana Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Oleomas – multiple subcutaneous oleomas due to injection with sesame seed oil BJD 149:1289-1290, 2003 Paraffinoma (sclerosing lipogranuloma) Acta Chir Plast 33:163-165, 1991; Plast Reconstr Surg 65:517-524, 1980

AIDS Ann Intern Med 107:257, 1987 Brucellosis – breast abscess J Infect 33:219-220, 1996 Cat scratch disease JAD 47:803-804, 2002 Chromomycosis – Phialophora verrucosa BJD 152:560-564, 2005 Coccidioidomycosis – breast nodule or abscess Cryptococcosis – breast nodule or abscess Filariasis – Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi; chronic edema of breast with elephantiasis Dermatol Clin 7:313-321, 1989 Leprosy Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Mastitis – Staphylococcus aureus; neonatal Staphylococcus aureus mastitis Am J Dis Child 129:1031-1034, 1975; Mycobacterium abscessus mastitis following body piercing Clin Inf Dis 33:131-134, 2001; lactation mastitis JAMA 289:1609-1612, 2003 Mycobacterium abscessus – breast abscesses due to adulterated intramammary silicone injections JAAD 50:450-454, 2004 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare – breast nodule or abscess Mycobacterium chelonei – breast nodule or abscess

Mycobacterium fortuitum – breast nodule or abscess Clin Inf Dis 26:760-761, 1998 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – tuberculous mastitis; breast nodule which may ulcerate with draining sinuses Mycobacterium xenopi – breast nodule or abscess Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative (Staphylococcus epidermidis) – abscesses of scalp and breast in the neonate Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.190, 2001 Subareolar abscess

Panniculitis

Adolescent gynecomastia NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Adrenal disease – increased peripheral conversion of estrogen Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency J Endocrinol Invest 10:127-129, 1987 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Estrogen excess Gravid macromastia Plast Reconstr Surg 80:121-124, 1987 Hemochromatosis – liver disease Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Hemodialysis NEJM 328:490-495, 1993; Ann Intern Med 69:67-72, 1968 Hyperthyroidism NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Hypogonadism NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Liver disease NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Milk stasis during lactation JAMA 289:1609-1612, 2003 Obesity – pseudogigantomastia Physiologic – birth – maternal estrogens; puberty in boys JAMA 178:449-454, 1961; elderly men – testicular failure Am J Med 77:633-635, 1984; obesity – increased aromatase J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64:618-623, 1987; Am J Med 77:633-635, 1984 Starvation, cachexia, refeeding NEJM 328:490-495, 1993; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41:60-69, 1975 Steroid-binding globulins increased – bilateral gynecomastia JAAD 53:660-662, 2005 Steroid dehydrogenase deficiency Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Testicular failure JAAD 53:660-662, 2005 Testicular feminization – defective estrogen receptors Rook p.3151, 1998, Sixth Edition Thyrotoxicosis Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Virginal breast hypertrophy – sudden massive enlargement of one or both breasts, girls ages 8-16 years – prominent veins, peau d’orange and rarely necrosis Ped Derm 17:277-281, 2000

Adrenocortical tumors Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Breast carcinoma; including male breast cancer – unilateral gynecomastia Cutis 69:98-102, 2002 Bronchial carcinoma Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition

Cystosarcoma phylloides Ductal papillomas Epidermoid cyst Fibroadenomas HCG or aromatase-producing tumors – bilateral gyncecomastia JAAD 53:660-662, 2005 Hepatoma Hybrid cysts – epidermoid and apocrine cyst Am J Dermatopathol 18:364-366, 1996 Leukemia – acute lymphoblastic leukemia masquerading as gynecomastia Am J Med 108:677-679, 2000 Lipomas Lymphoma – CTCL mimicking EAC in a child BJD 152:565-566, 2005; CTCL Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Metastases – breast carcinoma, other primary malignancies; chondrosarcomatous cutaneous metastases Am J Dermatopathol 18:538-542, 1996 Myxoid fibroadenoma Am J Surg Pathol 15:835-841, 1991 Ovarian follicular cysts Ovarian granulosa cell tumors Pilomatrixomas Pituitary tumors Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Prolactinoma – bilateral gynecomastia JAAD 53:660-662, 2005 Testicular tumors – seminoma, interstitial cell tumor, Sertoli cell tumor, teratomas; all secrete human chorionic gonadotropin NEJM 328:490-495, 1993

Benign gynecomastia of the male breast Am J Med 77:633-635, 1984 Duct ectasia Erythroderma NEJM 328:490-495, 1993 Florid papillomatosis Gigantomastia Am J Dis Child 125:293, 1973 Gynecomastia Uneven bilateral hypertrophy Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994 Unilateral hypoplasia or hypertrophy Aesth Plast Surg 18:399-403, 1994

Breast hypertrophy, erythema annulare centrifugum, generalized melanoderma, verrucae vulgaris and SLE Acta DV (Stockh) 52:33, 1972 Byars-Jurkiewicz syndrome – giant fibroadenomas of the breast, secondary kyphosis, hypertrichosis, gingival fibromatosis Plast Reconstr Susrg 27:608-612, 1961 Carney complex – breast myxomas with generalized breast enlargement JAAD 46:161-183, 2002 Cowden’s syndrome – fibrocystic disease leading to enlarged breasts Rook p.3151, 1998, Sixth Edition Hermaphroditism Ghatan p.51, 2002, Second Edition Klinefelter’s syndrome – gynecomastia, scant hair on beard, trunk, and extremities Klinefelter’s syndrome. Berlin:Springer-Verlag, 1984 Leprechaunism – Donohue’s syndrome – decreased subcutaneous tissue and muscle mass, characteristic facies,

severe intrauterine growth retardation, broad nose, low-set ears, hypertrichosis of forehead and cheeks, loose folded skin at flexures, gyrate folds of skin of hands and feet; breasts, penis, clitoris hypertrophic Endocrinologie 26:205-209, 1988 Myotonic dystrophy Rook p.3152, 1998, Sixth Edition Peutz-Jeghers syndrome – bilateral gynecomastia due to bilateral Sertoli cell tumors of the testes JAAD 53:660-662, 2005 POEMS syndrome – gynecomastia JAAD 45:969-970, 2001

Physical trauma

Angiosarcoma Am Surg 62:668-672, 1996; angiosarcoma of the breast post-irradiation for breast cancer – late thickening, edema, or induration of the breast JAAD 49:532-538, 2003

Exogenous corticosteroids Transplantation 59:729-736, 1995; Arch Int Med 140:1507-1508, 1980 Indinavir NEJM 339:1296-1297, 1998 Megestrol acetate – glucocorticoid-like activity Arch Int Med 157:1651-1656, 1997

HIV infection – lipodystrophy of HIV infection NEJM 339:1296-1297, 1998; Lancet 35:867-870, 1998

Cushing’s syndrome Ann Intern Med 138:980-991, 2003

Bronchial carcinoid – with ectopic ACTH production Chin Med J 108:338-341, 1995; Mayo Clin Proc 65:1314-1321, 1990; Clin Endocrinol 24:523-529, 1986; ectopic corticotropin releasing hormone NEJM 332:791-803, 1995 Cervical carcinoma of the uterus with ectopic ACTH production Jpn J Cancer Res 82:710-715, 1991 Ectopic ACTH syndrome due to small cell carcinoma Chang Keng I Hsueh 17:371-377, 1994; Am J Med 62:303-307, 1977 Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland with ectopic ACTH production Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 53:1279-1291, 1977 Neuroendocrine islet cell tumor Gut 26:426-428, 1985 Ovarian steroid tumors Am J Surg Pathol 11:835-845, 1987 Pituitary micro-and macroadenomas NEJM 332:791-803, 1995 Pulmonary tumorlets (neuroendocrine cells) – corticotropin secretion NEJM 339:883-886, 1998 Thymic carcinoid – with ectopic ACTH production Chin Med J 108:338-341, 1995; Thorax 49:357-360, 1994

Adrenal carcinoma NEJM 332:791-803, 1995 Bilateral adrenocortical adenomas Surg Today 24:538-543, 1994 Familial Cushing’s syndrome – micronodular adrenocortical dysplasia Arch Int Med 148:1133-1136, 1988 Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia Endocrinol Jpn 36:101-116, 1989 Micronodular adrenal hyperplasia Endocrinol Jpn 36:101-116, 1989 Pigmented adenoma of the adrenal cortex Urology 7:641-645, 1976 Primary adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia associated with Carney complex J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1274-1278, 1997; Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 68:607-622, 1992

Chronic alcoholism Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 16:73-76, 1982 Common obesity of middle age Adv Exp Med Biol 116:279-280, 1979 Depression – hypercortisolism Ann NY Acad Sci 771:716-729, 1995; NEJM 332:791-803, 1995

Benign symmetric lipomatosis (Madelung’s disease) Ann Plast Surg 41:671-673, 1998 Cortisol hyperreactive syndrome – hypocortisolism and Cushing’s syndrome-like manifestations J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:729-737, 1990 Food-dependent Cushing’s syndrome mediated by aberrant adrenal sensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide NEJM 327:974-980, 1992; NEJM 327:981-986, 1992 Lipoma(s) Mycobacterium tuberculosis – CNS tuberculosis – with Cushing’s syndrome J Neurol Sci 14:341-357, 1971 Paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome Eur J Pediatr 153:784-791, 1994 Renal adenocarcinoma – paraneoplastic Cushing’s syndrome Semin Urol 7:158-171, 1989

Allergic contact dermatitis, including poison ivy, nickel sensitivity resembling bullous pemphigoid; cinnamic aldehyde Dermatosen 6:186-187, 1988; complicating venous stasis Rook p.2261, 1998, Sixth Edition Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis – papulovesicular eruptions JAAD 32:25-31, 1995; bullae JAAD 49:130-132, 2003 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis – resembling dermatitis herpetiformis JAMA 190:35-38, 1964 Bowel-associated dermatitis-arthritis syndrome – vesicles evolving into pustules AD 138:973-978, 2002 Bullous eruption in CREST syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis and Sjögren’s syndrome JAAD 29:648-650, 1993

Bullous pemphigoid Rook p.1869-1870, 1998, Sixth Edition; anti-105 Kd and anti-200 Kd bullous pemphigoid-like disorders AD 135:173-176, 1999; bullous pemphigoid in infancy with palmar and plantar bullae Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; anti-p105 pemphigoid AD 130:343-347, 1994; anti-p200 pemphigoid BJD 148:1058-1060, 2003; JAAD 46:786-789, 2002; anti-p450 pemphigoid Adv Dermatol 16:113-157, 2000; oral bullae Rook p.3056,3085, 1998, Sixth Edition Chronic granulomatous disease – vesicular eruptions JAAD 36:899-907, 1997 Cicatricial pemphigoid – bullae of upper trunk and head AD 138:370-379, 2002; generalized bullae BJD 68:128-131, 1956; IgG, IgA, anti-epiligrin JAAD 42:841-844, 2000; JAAD 40:637-639, 1999; AD 130:1521-1529, 1994; bullae of soft palate Oral Surg 66:37-40, 1988 Cicatricial pemphigoid-like syndrome due to linear IgA disease directed against a 290 kd antigen JAAD 31:884-888, 1994 Dermatitis herpetiformis – elbows, knees, buttocks, shoulders, trunk, face, and scalp Rook p.1890,3085, Sixth Edition; JAMA 3:225-229, 1884; oral bullae Oral Surg 62:77-80, 1986 Dermatomyositis – vesiculobullous JAAD 49:1136-1139, 2003 Am J Dermatopathol 20:170-174, 1998; with gynecologic malignancies JAAD 34:391-394, 1996; with nasopharyngeal carcinoma Ann Acad Med Singapore 28:855-857, 1999 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita – AD 135:173-176, 1999; Dermatologic Clinics 11:535-547, 1993; annular bullae BJD 147:592-597, 2002; in children Ped Derm 12:16-20, 1995; oral bullae Rook p.3085, 1998, Sixth Edition; AD 123:772-776, 1987; of feet Caputo p.27-28, 2000 Fogo selvagem (endemic pemphigus) JID 107:68-75, 1996; JAAD 32:949-956, 1995 Graft vs. host disease, acute or chronic – bullae AD 138:924-934, 2002; JAAD 38:369-392, 1998; varicella-like, TEN-like AD 134:602-612, 1998; bullous scleroderma-like changes AD 121:1189-1192, 1985 Herpes (pemphigoid) gestationis JAAD 40:847-849, 1999; JAAD 17:539-556, 1987; Clin Exp Dermatol 7:65-73, 1982 Id reaction IgM bullous disease – associated with IgM gammopathy BJD 150:392-394, 2004 Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis JAAD 31:502-504, 1994 (IgA pemphigus); intraoral blisters JAAD 20:89-97, 1989; IgA pemphigus – vesicopustules in a one-month old JAAD 48:S22-24, 2003 Lichen planus pemphigoides AD 139:1363-1368, 2003; JAAD 36:638-640, 1997; BJD 125:263-271, 1991; JAAD 22:626-631, 1990; associated with PUVA BJD 142:509-512, 2002; ramipril (ACE inhibitor) BJD 136:412-414, 1997 Linear IgA disease (chronic bullous disease of childhood) – perioral, eyelids, ears, scalp, perineum, vulva; annular polycyclic bullae; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy; may have hemorrhagic bullae; oral ulcers JAAD 50:109-115, 2004; JAAD 22:362-365, 1990; Ann DV 114:1358-1359, 1987; conjunctivitis Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; neonatal linear IgA disease Ped Derm 10:171-176, 1993; oral bullae Rook p.3085, 1998, Sixth Edition Lupus erythematosus – systemic lupus – bullous sunburn reaction Rook p.2472-2473, 1998, Sixth Edition; bullous dermatosis of SLE (annular bullae) – face, neck, upper trunk, oral bullae Pediatr 12:138-144, 1995; JAAD 27:389-394, 1992; Arthritis Rheum 21:58-61, 1978; subacute cutaneous LE Australas J Dermatol 41:234-237, 2000; Z. Hautkr 67:220-223, 1991; lupus panniculitis – plaque with bullae Fitzpatrick J of Clin Derm 2:32-34, 1994; bullous discoid lupus with targetoid lesions Dermatologica 122:6-10, 1961; subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus – annular and polycyclic lesions with vesicles at

border Med Clin North Am 73:1073-1090, 1989; JAAD 19:1957-1062, 1988; SCLE – toxic epidermal necrolysis-like JAAD 16:1265-1267, 1987 Morphea, bullous JAAD 30:937-943, 1994; Dermatology 119:341, 1959 Pemphigoid variant Pemphigoid vegetans – oral bullae of palate and gingivae Arch Dermatol Res 279:S30-37, 1987; Int J Derm 25:17-27, 1986 Pemphigus foliaceus Pemphigus herpetiformis (vesicles) JAAD 34:40-46, 1996 Pemphigus vulgaris – oral bullae Oral Surg 54:656-662, 1982; neonatal pemphigus Ped Derm 10:169-170, 1993; pemphigus with giant lymph node hyperplasia JAAD 26:105-109, 1992 Rheumatoid arthritis – rheumatoid neutrophilic dermatitis – vesicular or bullous JAAD 52:916-918, 2005; Cutis 60:203-205, 1997; bullae due to arteritis BJD 77:207-210, 1965

Aplasia cutis congenita – bulla of scalp Arch Dis Child 23:61-62, 1948 Congenital erosive dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring Dermatology 194:278-280, 1997; AD 126:544-546, 1990; JAAD 17:369-376, 1987; AD 121:361-367, 1985 Neonatal sucking blisters – fingers, lips, forearms Pediatrics 32:1099-1101, 1963

Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type I – calluses over metatarsal heads which blister, necrose, and ulcerate Rook p.2779, 1998, Sixth Edition Reflex sympathetic dystrophy – bulla and leg ulceration JAAD 44:1050, 2001; JAAD 35:843-845, 1996; JAAD 28:29-32, 1993

Acral dysesthesia syndrome – bullae of hands and feet with systemic chemotherapy including cytosine arabinoside, doxorubicin, and polyethylene glycol-coated liposomal doxorubicin AD 136:1475-1480, 2000 Amiodarone JAAD 31:801-811, 1994 Bromoderma AD 115:1334-1335, 1979 Bullous pemphigoid – drug-induced – ciprofloxacin JAAD 42:847, 2000; furosemide AD 112:75-77, 1976; penicillamine JAAD 35:732-742, 1996; AD 123:1119-1120, 1987; penicillin JAAD 18:345-349, 1988; ibuprofen, phenacetin, cuprimine, ampicillin Clin Exp Dermatol 15:50-52, 1990; azulfidine, salacylazo-sulfapyridine, phenacetin AD 1120:1196-1199, 1984; novascabin, sulfasalazine, novoscabin, topical 5FU, PUVA AD 115:988-989, 1979; Rook p.3389, 1998, Sixth Edition; enalapril JAAD 29:879-882, 1993; amoxil, chloroquine Ghatan p.228, 2002, Second Edition Cantharadin for warts Chemotherapy induced acral erythema – bullous variant – methotrexate, cytarabine AD 132:590-591, 1996; Cutis 51:175-179, 1993 Cicatricial pemphigoid – drug induced – topical pilocarpine, topical demecarium, practolol, topical echthiophate iodine, sulfadoxine, penicillamine JAAD 35:732-742, 1996; clonidine BJD 102:715-718, 1980; bromide, indomethacin Rook p.3389, 1998, Sixth Edition; idoxuridine, epinephrine Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition

Cinnarizine – lichen planus pemphigoides-like eruption BJD 112:607-613, 1985 Cyclosporine – pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda AD 139:1373-1374, 2003 Dilantin Dipyrone-induced pemphigus Drug-induced thrombocytopenia – oral hemorrhagic bullae Cutis 62:193-195, 1998 Enoxaparin sodium (low molecular weight heparin)-induced bullous pemphigoid JAAD 51:141-142, 2004 Epsilon amino caproic acid infusion JAAD 27:880-882, 1992 Estrogen dermatitis – papulovesicular JAAD 32:25-31, 1995 Extravasation from intravenous infusion Fixed drug eruption Rook p.3367, 1998, Sixth Edition Furosemide – phototoxic blisters BJD 94:495-499, 1976 Ibuprofen-induced bullous pemphigoid JAAD 19:91-94, 1988 Interleukin-2 reaction AD 130:890-893, 1994 Iododerma – vesicular JAAD 36:1014-1016, 1997; bullous Australas J Dermatol 28:119-122, 1987 Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction – vesicular; treatment of syphilis, onchocerciasis, Lyme disease, strongyloidiasis AD 125:77-81, 1989; Hautarzt 35:588-590, 1984 Leuprolide – dermatitis herpetiformis Cutis 75:49-52, 2005 Linear IgA disease

Drug-induced JAAD 42:316-323, 2000; JAAD 32:296, 1995 Acetaminophen JAAD 48:289-300, 2003 Amiodarone JAAD 31:809-811, 1994 Ampicillin Atorvastatin JAAD 44:696-699, 2001 Captopril Cutis 44:393-396, 1989; JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 Carbamazepine JAAD 46:S32-33, 2002 Cefamandole JAAD 48:289-300, 2003; JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 Cyclosporine JAAD 42:316-323, 2000 Diclophenac JAAD 26:45-48, 1992; AD 124:1186-1188, 1988 Glibenclamide AD 123:1121-1122, 1987 Interferon-α, γ JAAD 42:316-323, 2000 Interleukin-2 Iodine contrast agent Lithium carbonate AD 124:1186-1188, 1988; JAAD 26:45-48, 1992 Penicillin G potassium JAAD 42:316-323, 2000 Phenytoin JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 Polychemotherapy JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 PUVA Ghatan p.230, 2002, Second Edition Somatostatin JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 Sulfisoxazole JAAD 38:352-356, 1998 Vancomycin JAAD 26:45-48, 1992 Vigabatrin JAAD 42:316-323, 2000

Methotrexate and leucovorin (palms and soles) AD 123:990-992, 1987 Nalidixic acid – UVA; bullous photoreaction Am J Med 58:576-580, 1975 Pegfilgastrim – giant bullae; bullous Sweet’s syndrome due to pegfilgastrim (pegylated G-CSF) JAAD 52:901-905, 2005 Pemphigus vegetans due to captopril JAAD 27:281-284, 1992 Pemphigus – drug-induced JAAD 39:876-878, 1998; JAAD 26:364-366, 1992; JAAD 30:651-653, 1994

Antibiotics Ampicillin Cephalexin Cefadroxil Ceftazidine

Ethambutol INH Nalidixic acid Penicillin Rifampin

Pyrazalon derivatives Aminophenazone Aminopyrine Azapropazone Oxyphenylbutazone Phenylbutazone

Sulfur-containing drugs Captopril Enalapril Gold (aurothioglucose) Mercaptopropionylglycine Penicillamine Pyritinol Sulfasalazine Tetanus and diphtheria vaccine with a thiol preservative BJD 147:188-189, 2002 Thiamazole Thiopronine 5-thiopyridoxine

Miscellaneous Aspirin Benzoin 5-fluorouracil (topical) Furosemide Glibenclamide Heroin Hydantoin Ibuprofen Indomethacin Interleukin-2 and β-interferon Levodopa Lysine acetylsalicylate Meprobamate Nifedipine Phenacetin Phenobarbital Phenylbutene Piroxicam Practalol Progesterone Propranolol Pyritinol PUVA Thermal burns Tincture of benzoin

Penicillamine AD 128:977-982, 1992; penicillamine-induced pemphigus vulgaris or foliaceus JAAD 37:121-123, 1997; AD 128:977-981, 1992; JAAD 6:317-324, 1982; Am J Dermatopathol 3:85-92, 1981; bullous pemphigoid-like eruption AD 123:1119-1120, 1987; JAAD 8:548-550, 1983; EBA-like bullae in chronic GVH disease JAAD 49:1157-1159, 2003 Penicillin-induced bullous pemphigoid mimicking erythema multiforme JAAD 18:345-349, 1988 Phenacetin-induced bullous pemphigoid-like eruption AD 120:1196-1199, 1984 Phlebogram dye – toxic reaction Piroxicam photodermatitis PPD reaction Pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda JAAD 44:100-108, 2001; JAAD 33:551-573, 1995; JAAD 31:500, 1994

Drug-induced Acetretin JAAD 53:169-171, 2005

Amiodarone B complex vitamins Benoxaprofen Bumetanide JAAD 23:129-130, 1990 Carisoprodol/aspirin Chlorthalidone JAAD 21:1026-1029, 1989 Cyclosporine AD 139:1373-1374, 2003 Dapsone Diflunisal Erythropoietin Etretinate Fluoroquinolones 5-fluorouracil Flutamide Furosemide Acta Med Scand 202:61-64, 1977 Hydrochlorthizide/triamterene Isotretinoin Ghatan p.231, 2002, Second Edition Ketoprofen Mefanamic acid Nabumetone BJD 142:1067-1069, 2000; BJD 138:549-5500, 1998 Nalidixic acid JID 82:210-213, 1984 Naproxen AD 122:451-454, 1986 Piroxicam Rofecoxib (Vioxx) JAAD 50:647-648, 2004 Oxaprozin PUVA Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) JAAD 10:527-528, 1984 SOMA Sulfonamides Sulfonylureas Tetracycline Clin Exp Dermatol 5:321-325, 1980 Tiaprofenic acid Voriconazole JAAD 53:341-345, 2005

Exogenous agents Bullous dermatosis of chronic renal failure – chronic renal failure with or without hemodialysis JAAD 44:100-108, 2001; Ann Intern Med 83:480-483, 1975 Tanning bed AD 125:1236-1237, 1989

PUVA blisters AD 123:1471-1477, 1987 PUVA-induced bullous pemphigoid Cutis 41:199-202, 1988 Pyridoxine abuse – PCT-like JAAD 14:915-917, 1986; JAAD 10:527-528, 1984 Radiation recall – erythema, vesiculation, erosions, hyperpigmentation; dactinomycin and doxorubicin Mayo Clin Proc 55:711-715, 1980; edatrexate, melphalan, etoposide, vinblastine, bleomycin, fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, methotrexate Rook p.3469, 1998, Sixth Edition Retinoid skin fragility with impetigo Sertraline – giant bulla with necrosis BJD 150:164-166, 2004 Tiopronin Ann DV 117:9, 1990 Toxic epidermal necrolysis Vancomycin – linear IgA disease mimicking toxic epidermal necrosis JAAD 48:S56-57, 2003 Vasopressin, intravenous JAAD 15:393-398, 1988 Voriconazole – photodermatitis with acute and chronic changes of sun damage JAAD 52:S81-85, 2005

Buttercup (Ranunculus sp.) Cutis 69:171-172, 2002 Cola-induced pseudoporphyria JAAD 44:100-108, 2001 Echinacea – pemphigus vulgaris JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Garlic burns Ped Derm 17:475-476, 2000

Hydrogen peroxide – air-and fluid-filled blebs (oxygen bubbles) due to occupational skin injury Dermatology 201:61-64, 2000 Intravenous infiltration Intravenous infiltration with compartment syndrome AD 140:798-800, 2004 Irritant contact dermatitis Rook p.722, 1998, Sixth Edition; plant irritant contact dermatitis, vesiculobullous – buttercup, spurge, manzanillo tree, milfoil, mayweed Rook p. 791, 1998, Sixth Edition Rhus – ingestion of Rhus as folk medicine remedy BJD 142:937-942, 2000 Spirulina platensis – pemphigus JAAD 53:S105-107, 2005 Woods Contact Dermatitis 19:224-225, 1988

African tick bite fever (Rickettsia africae) – hemorrhagic pustule, purpuric papules; transmitted by Amblyomma ticks – high fever, arthralgia, myalgia, fatigue, rash in 2-3 days, with eschar, maculopapules, vesicles, and pustules Clin Inf Dis 39:700-701, 741-742, 2004; JAAD 48:S18-19, 2003 Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis; malignant pustule; face, neck, hands, arms; starts as papule then evolves into bulla on red base; then hemorrhagic crust with edema and erythema with small vesicles; edema of surrounding skin Am J Dermatopathol 19:79-82, 1997; Br J Opthalmol 76:753-754, 1992; J Trop Med Hyg 89:43-45, 1986; Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 38:355-361, 1981 Aspergillosis – primary cutaneous Bacillus cereus – necrotic bullae AD 127:543-546, 1991 Bacteroides – synergistic necrotizing cellulitis Beetles – whiplash dermatitis – linear blisters JAAD 22:815-819, 1990; Paederus beetle – vesicular and bullous reactions Cutis 69:277-279, 2002 Blister beetle dermatosis (Lytta vesicatoria) Ped Derm 9:246-250, 1992; JAAD 22:815-819, 1990; rove beetles (Paederus species) AD 94:175-185, 1966; coconut beetles Rook p.1448, 1998, Sixth Edition Blistering distal dactylitis Brown recluse spider bite – blister with purpuric base Clin Inf Dis 32:595,636-637, 2001 Brucellosis – vesicular eruptions Cutis 63:25-27, 1999; AD 117:40-42, 1981 Campylobacter jejuni – small vesicles in X-linked agammaglobulinemia J Clin Inf Dis 23:526-531, 1996 Candidiasis – sepsis Med 64:115-133, 1985; congenital cutaneous candidiasis – bullae, maculovesicular eruption JAAD 37:817-823, 1997; AJDC 135:273-275, 1981 Caterpillar bites Cat scratch disease – inoculation vesicle Ped Derm 5:1-9, 1988 Cellulitis, bullous Cheyletiella blakei mite dermatitis Ann DV 127:826-829, 2000; JAAD 37:265-266, 1997 Clostridial cellulitis Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) – Clostridium perfringens, septicum, novyi, or hemolyticum JAAD 6:289-299,1982 Cowpox – cropping of vesicles; resembles orf, anthrax, and impetigo (papulovesiculopustule) BJD 153:451-453, 2005; JAAD 49:513-518, 2003; JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; JAAD 42:892-894, 2000

Coxsackie A (5,9,10,16) – maculopapular-vesicular Tyring p.3,463, 2002; Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition; Coxsackie A4 – widespread vesicular eruption Pediatrics 41:873-882, 1968 Cryptococcosis – vesicles and bullae; may simulate herpes simplex or varicella/zoster virus infection AD 112:1734-1740, 1976 Cutaneous larva migrans Cytomegalovirus infection JAAD 18:1330-1338, 1988; JAAD 12:720-721, 1985; vesiculobullous lesions Dermatology 200:189-195, 2000; JAAD 38:349-351, 1998 Dracunculosis – small papule or vesicle which ruptures Dermatol Clinic 7:323-330, 1989 Echovirus 4,9,11 – maculopapular-vesicular Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition; Echovirus 11 – vesicular rash AD 113:1705-1706, 1977 Ehrlichiosis – human monocytic ehrlichiosis JAAD 49:363-392, 2003 Enterobacter cloacae JAAD 27:637-638, 1992 Enteroviral infection – vesicular lesions in AIDS Erysipelas – bullous cellulites; bullous erysipelas Erythema (chronicum) migrans – Borrelia burgdorferi; Lyme disease Am J Med 99:412-419, 1995 Escherichia coli sepsis – bullous cellulitis Exanthem subitum with vesicular lesions BJD 132:614-616, 1995 Fire ant stings (Solenopsis invicta) – clusters of vesicles evolve into umbilicated pustules on red swollen base; crusting, heal with scars; urticaria J S C Med Assoc 95:231-235, 1999; Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 77:87-95, 1996; Allergy 50:535-544, 1995; Ped Derm 9:44-48, 1992 Fire corals – urticarial lesions followed by vesiculobullous rash, chronic granulomatous and lichenoid lesions Contact Dermatitis 29:285-286, 1993; Int J Dermatol 30:271-273, 1991 Foot and mouth disease (Echovirus) – adults and children in direct contact with infected livestock; vesicles of buccal mucosa, tongue, lips, palms, soles, interdigital skin Br Med J 4:529-530, 1967 Fournier’s gangrene Gas gangrene Glanders – Pseudomonas mallei – cellulitis which ulcerates with purulent foul-smelling discharge, regional lymphatics become abscesses; nasal and palatal necrosis and destruction; metastatic papules, pustules, bullae over joints and face, then ulcerate; deep abscesses with sinus tracts occur; polyarthritis, meningitis, pneumonia Rook p.1146-1147, 1998, Sixth Edition Gonococcemia – periarticular lesions appear in crops with red macules, papules, vesicles with red halo, pustules, bullae becoming hemorrhagic and necrotic; suppurative arthritis and tenosynovitis Ann Intern Med 102:229-243, 1985 Gram-negative web space infection Hand, foot, and mouth disease (Coxsackie A5,10,16) – vesicular and papulovesicular lesions Rook p.998,1086, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 79:309-317, 1967; oral vesicles Rook p.3057, 1998, Sixth Edition Herpangina – Coxsackie A1, A6, A10, A22, B1-5, Echovirus types 9, 11, 17 Prog Med Virol 24:114-157, 1978; oral vesicles Rook p.3057, 1998, Sixth Edition Herpes B infection – Macaque monkey bite; herpes simplex-like lesions with vesicles, erythema, and edema near bite site; secondary vesiculopapular eruption JAAD 49:979-1000, 2003; Tyring p.237-239, 2002; AD 125:1247-1248, 1989 Herpes simplex – primary Tyring p.75, 2002; neonatal, HIV, disseminated, eczema herpeticum; palmar and plantar bullae in

infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; AD 114:406, 1978; herpetic whitlow; dyshidrosis-like herpes simplex in AIDS JAAD 13:845-852, 1985; eczema herpeticum (Kaposi’s varicelliform eruption) Rook p.1028, 1998, Sixth Edition; Arch Dis Child 60:338-343, 1985; oral vesicles Rook p.3057, 1998, Sixth Edition Herpes zoster Impetigo, bullous – staphylococcal Curr Prob Dermatol 5:196-204, 1993; non-bullous (streptococcal) – thin walled vesicle on red base ruptures and crusts; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998 Infected vascular gangrene Infectious mononucleosis – vesicular and bullous exanthems Tyring p.149, 2002 Insect bite reaction – papules with overlying vesicle Rook p.1425-1426, 1998, Sixth Edition; bullae in children, associated with CLL Acta DV (Stockh) 57:81-92, 1977; natural killer cell lymphocytosis AD 126:362-368, 1990; HIV disease JAAD 29:269-272, 1993; fleas, mosquitoes, gnats, midges, flies, mites, bugs, beetles, thrips (thunder flies); Haematosiphon (Mexican chicken bug) – wheals, papules, vesicles, pustules, crusts Rook p.1445-1446, 1998, Sixth Edition; ; mites – barley itch, grain-shoveller’s itch, grain itch, straw itch, cotton seed dermatitis Rook p.1468, 1998, Sixth Edition; beetles (Paederus fuscipes) – blisters, papules Eur J Ped 152:6-8, 1993; bedbugs (Cimex lectularis, C. hemipterus) The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.63, 2000; sandflies (Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia) – harara, urticaria multiformis endemica in Middle East The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.64, 2000 Jellyfish stings Leprosy – Lucio’s phenomenon AD 114:1023-1028, 1978; erythema nodosum leprosum JAAD 51:416-426, 2004; AD 132:1432-1434, 1996 Listeria monocytogenes – contact listeriosis; localized vesicles or pustules JAAD 48:759, 2003 Lyme disease – vesicular form with secondary necrosis JAAD 49:363-392, 2003 Marburg virus – maculopapular-vesicular Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition Measles – with extensive bullous eruption NEJM 277:248-250, 1967 Meningococcemia Milker’s nodule Tyring p.57, 2002; vesicopapule JAAD 44:1-14, 2001 Millipede secretions – conjunctivitis and mahogany pigmentation with bullae Cutis 67:452, 2001 Mites – cheese mite (Glyciphagus) bites – papulovesicles and pustules Dermatol Clin 8:265-275, 1990 Monkeypox – exanthem indistinguishable from smallpox (papulovesiculopustular) (vesicles, umbilicated pustules, crusts) CDC Health Advisory, June 7,2003; JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; J Infect Dis 156:293-298, 1987 Morganella morgagni JAAD 12:575-576, 1985 Mosquito bite hypersensitivity syndrome in EBV-associated natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma – clear or hemorrhagic bullae with necrosis, ulceration and scar formation JAAD 45:569-578, 2001 Mucormycosis Med 64:115-133, 1985 Mycobacterium tuberculosis – miliary tuberculosis; large crops of blue papules, vesicles, pustules, hemorrhagic papules; red nodules; vesicles become necrotic to form ulcers Practitioner 222:390-393, 1979; Am J Med 56:459-505, 1974; AD 99:64-69, 1969

Mycoplasma pneumoniae – varicella-like rash Am J Dis Child 128:254-256, 1974 Necrotizing fasciitis – necrotic bullae; streptococcal Curr Prob in Dermatol 14:183-220, 2002; Ann DV 128:376-381, 2001; Serratia marcescens Clin Inf Dis 23:648-649, 1996; JAAD 20:774-778, 1989; Bacteroides spp.in penile necrotizing fasciitis JAAD 37:1-24, 1997; neonatal Pediatrics 103:e53, 1999; in infancy Ped Derm 2:55-63, 1984; Clostridial cellulitis (gangrene); progressive synergistic gangrene; gangrenous cellulitis (Pseudomonas); Fournier’s gangrene Rook p.1164, 1998, Sixth Edition Nocardia asteroides AD 121:898-890, 1985 Non-clostridial crepitant cellulitis Non-clostridial myositis Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus – infected muskrats in western Siberia; papulovesicular lesions of soft palate AD 140:656, 2004 Orf – vesicopapule JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; generalized bullous orf Int J Derm 6:340-341, 1980; AD 126:356-358, 1990 Otitis externa Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 82 (Suppl 8):1-23, 1973 Paecilomyces lilacinus – vesicular lesions JAAD 39:401-409, 1998; papulovesicular lesions Ann Intern Med 125:799-806, 1996 Papular urticaria Pediculid, bullous Cutis 41:281, 1988 Pediculosis – pubic lice (Phthirus pubis) Arch Dermatol Syphilol 65:334-339, 1952 Phaeohyphomycosis – JAAD 40:364-366, 1999 Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis Portuguese man-of-war stings – vesicular J Emerg Med 10:71-77, 1992 Progressive bacterial synergistic gangrene – postoperative (Meleney’s synergistic gangrene) Protothecosis – vesiculobullous lesions Med 64:115-133, 1985; JAAD 32:758-764, 1995 Pseudomonas sepsis – bullae which rupture to yield necrotic ulcers (ecthyma gangrenosum) Medicine 64:115-133, 1985; Ped Derm 4:18-20, 1987 Puss caterpillar – purpuric papulovesicles Cutis 60:125-126, 1997 Q fever – Coxiella burnetii ; vesicles JAAD 49:363-392, 2003 Rat bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis (pleomorphic facultative anaerobic bacillus) or Spirillium minor (Soduku)) – macular, petechial, or morbilliform widespread exanthem; palmoplantar rash; arthralgia and chronic arthritis; Haverhill fever (raw milk) – papules, crusted papules, vesicles, pustules; chronic abscesses Cleveland Clin Q 52 (2):203-205, 1985; Pediatr Clin N Am 26:377-411, 1979 Rickettsia australis; R. conorii – varicelliform rash – papulovesicular Ricketsial pox (Rickettsia akari ) (house mouse mite bite) – generalized papules, vesicles, papulovesicles, crusts NEJM 331:1612-1617, 1994; Clin Inf Dis 18:624-626, 1994 Rickettsia australis (tick typhus) – papulovesicular Clin Inf Dis 18:118-119, 1994 Roseola infantum (human herpesvirus 6) – rose-pink macules start on neck and trunk, then spread to face and extremities; rarely vesicular BJD 132:614-616, 1995; Rook p.998,1025, 1998, Sixth Edition Salmonella – vesicular eruptions Rook p.1143, 1998, Sixth Edition; NYSJMed 81:1639-1641, 1981 Scabies with bullous pemphigoid-like eruption JAAD 20:878-879, 1996; JAAD 24:179-181, 1991; vesicles and bullae JAAD 20:134-136, 1989; palmar bullae JAAD

49:346-350, 2003; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; JAMA 230:878, 1974 Sealpox (parapoxvirus) – gray concentric nodule with superimposed bulla on dorsum of hand BJD 152:791-793, 2005 Serratia marcescens Smallpox – varicella-like JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; smallpox vaccination site Snake bites – edema, erythema, pain, bullae, ecchymosis and necrosis NEJM 347:347-356, 2002 Spider bites Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:546-548, 1998; South Med J 69:887-891, 1976; brown recluse spider bite JAAD 44:561-573, 2001 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome – toxic epidermal necrolysis; Zentralseit Kinderheilkd 2:3-23, 1878 Staphylococcal sepsis Straw itch mites – varicella-like JAMA 247:1821, 1982 Streptococcus, Group B – resembles bullous impetigo Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.189, 2001 Streptococcal gangrene (necrotizing fasciitis) JAAD 20:774-778, 1989 Group G streptococcal myositis with toxic shock syndrome Clin Inf Dis 23:1159-1161, 1996 Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome – painful localized edema and erythema; progression to vesicles and bullae Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.189, 2001 Syphilis, congenital; vesicular Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction AD 125:77-81, 1989; papulovesicular lesions in AIDS JAAD 22:1061-1067, 1990 Tick bite – soft ticks; Argasid ticks Lancet ii:288-289,1982; Ornithodorus JAAD 49:363-392, 2003 Tinea corporis, pedis – bullous Rook p.1300-1301,1309, 1998, Sixth Edition Toxic shock syndrome, either streptococcal or staphylococcal – widespread macular erythema, scarlatiniform, and papulopustular eruptions; occasional vesicles and bullae; edema of hands and feet; mucosal erythema; second week morbilliform or urticarial eruption occurs with desquamation at 10-21 days JAAD 39:383-398, 1998; Rev Infect Dis 11 (Suppl 1):S1-7, 1989; JAAD 8:343-347, 1983 Toxoplasmosis Rook p.1422, 1998, Sixth Edition Trichosporon beigelii AD 129:1020-1023, 1993 Tropical ulcer (phagedenic ulcer) – mixed infection with Fusobacterium ulcerans and other organisms; papule or bulla which breaks down to form ulcer with undermined border Int J Dermatol 27:49-53, 1988 Tularemia – vesiculopapular lesions of trunk and extremities Photodermatology 2:122-123, 1985 Vaccinia – Jennerian vesicle; papulovesiculopustule JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; progressive vaccinia – cellulitis with bullae J Clin Inf Dis 25:911-914, 1997 Varicella – vesicular Tyring p.3,121-122, 2002; Rook p.1017-1018, 1998, Sixth Edition; bullous JAAD 9:209-212, 1983; oral vesicles Rook p.3057, 1998, Sixth Edition Variola – papulovesiculopustule Tyring p.3,42, 2002; Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition Verruca vulgaris with secondary infection Vesicular stomatitis virus – vesicles of fingers, gums, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosa NEJM 277:989-994, 1967 Vibrio vulnificus Clin Inf Dis 40:754-755, 2005 Yersinia enterocolitica – vesicles J Clin Inf Dis 21:223-224, 1995 Yersinia pestis (plague) – umbilicated vesicles or pustules J Infect Dis 129:S78-84, 1974

Amyloidosis, bullous Medicine 24:124-128, 1994; Cutis 43:346-352, 1989; BJD 113:85-95, 1985; AD 117:782-784, 1981 Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis – papulovesicular lesions Ped Derm 18:35-37, 2001; AD 134:625-630, 1998 Langerhans cell histiocytosis – purpuric vesicles JAAD 37:314-317, 1997; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; vesiculopapules AD 127:1049-1054, 1991; Langerhans cell histiocytosis – vulvar vesicles Obstet Gynecol 67:46-49, 1986 Mastocytosis, bullous – urticaria pigmentosa Clin Exp Dermatol 24:16-18, 1999; Cutis 58:358-360, 1996; diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis Ped Derm 19:375-381, 2002; xanthelasmoidea BJD 144:355-358, 2001 Nodular eosinophilic infiltration JAAD 24:352-355, 1991

Edematous scarring vasculitic panniculitis – hydroa vacciniforme-like lesions with vesicles, deep ulcers, varicelliform scars JAAD 32:37-44, 1995 Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of the palms and soles Erythema multiforme Medicine 68:133-140, 1989; JAAD 8:763-765, 1983; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; widespread bullae Rook p.2084, 1998, Sixth Edition; oral bullae Oral Surg 67:36-40, 1989; Oral Surg 52:257-260, 1981; Stevens-Johnson syndrome Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis J Dermatol 22:137-142, 1995 Pyoderma gangrenosum, bullous JAAD 27:804-808, 1992; mimicking dermatitis herpetiformis AD 77:269-280, 1958 Sarcoid – vesicular variant Braverman’s Skin Signs of Systemic Disease Toxic epidermal necrolysis BJD 68:355-361, 2005; Oral Maxillofac Surg 40:59-61, 1982; TEN in infancy JAAD 27:341-344, 1992

Acrodermatitis enteropathica or acquired zinc deficiency – infant with vesiculobullous dermatitis of hands, feet, periorificial areas Ped Derm 19:426-431, 2002; AD 116:562-564, 1980; Acta DV (Stockh) 17:513-546, 1936; with anorexia nervosa JAMA 288:2655-2656, 2002 Calciphylaxis Cryofibrinogenemia – of dorsal feet Am J Med 116:332-337, 2004 Cryoglobulinemia JAAD 48:311-340, 2003 Diabetic bullae – forearms, hands, fingers, legs, feet, toes Int J Derm 39:196-200, 2000; JAAD 13:799-805, 1985 Gout Ann Rheum Dis 36:91-93, 1977 Hypothyroidism with bullae Miliaria crystallina – vesicles AD 140:231-236, 2004; Cutis 47:103-106, 1991 Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria AD 122:1327-1330, 1986 Pellagra Porphyrias – hereditary coproporphyria BJD 96:549-554, 1977; Q J Med 46:229-241, 1977; BJD 84:301-310, 1971; congenital erythropoietic porphyria (Gunther’s disease) Ped Derm 20:498-501, 2003; Semin Liver Dis 2:154-63, 1982; hepatoerythropoietic porphyria AD 138:957-960, 2002; JAAD 11:1103-1111, 1984; porphyria cutanea tarda – vesicles, bullae, crusts, skin fragility, atrophic scars, milia Rook p.2589-2590,

1998, Sixth Edition; variegate porphyria – vesicles on face, neck, dorsal hands; hemorrhagic crusts with increased skin fragility JAAD 2:36-43, 1980; Wien Klin Wochenschr 50:830-831, 1937; BMJ ii:89, 1955; erythropoietic protoporphyria Eur J Pediatr 159:719-725, 2000; J Inherit Metab Dis 20:258-269, 1997; BJD 131:751-766, 1994; Curr Probl Dermatol 20:123-134, 1991; Am J Med 60:8-22, 1976 Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy – vesicles JAAD 10:473-480, 1984; Clin Exp Dermatol 7:65-73, 1982; JAMA 241:1696-1699, 1979 Pseudoglucagonoma syndrome due to malnutrition – vesicles and bullae at expanding margin AD 141:914-916, 2005 Wilson’s disease – pretibial vesicles with hyperpigmentation JAAD 21:1030-1032, 1989

Epstein-Barr virus associated lymphoproliferative lesions – vesicles and papulovesicles BJD 151:372-380, 2004 Leukemia cutis Cancer 63:2192-2200, 1989; acute myelomonocytic leukemia; chronic lymphocytic leukemia JAAD 15:943-950, 1986; bullous pyoderma as presentation of acute leukemia Clin Exp Dermatol 2:33-38, 1977; adult T-cell leukemia – bullae of palms and soles JAAD 46:S137-141, 2002; J Dermatol 19:498-502, 1992 Lymphoma – mycosis fungoides bullosa BJD 142:124-127, 2000; bullae or papulovesicular lesions of CTCL JAAD 46:325-357, 2002; JAAD 45:934-939, 2001; AD 104:402-406, 1971, Dermatologica 174:34-38, 1987; Dermatologica 148:377-381, 1974; angiocentric CTCL of childhood (hydroalike lymphoma) – Latin America and Asia, associated with Epstein – Barr virus JAAD 38:574-579, 1998; AD 133:1081-1086, 1997; adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia JAAD 46:S137-141, 2002; palmoplantar bullae J Dermatol 19:498-502, 1992; Hodgkin’s disease Am J Dermatopathol 2:363-366, 1980; chronic T-cell lymphocytic leukemia JAAD 8:874-878, 1983; Lymphomatoid papulosis resembling hydroa vacciniforme JAAD 32:378-381, 1995 Metastatic breast carcinoma – vesicular and zosteriform, mimicking herpes zoster JAAD 43:733-751, 2000; carcinoma telangiectoides – vesicles BJD 151:523-524, 2004; Rook p.2294, 1998, Sixth Edition; carcinoma erysipelatoides (breast carcinoma) JAAD 40:805-807, 1999 Plasmacytic ulcerative stomatitis (myeloma) – bulla Oral Surg 70:587-589, 1990 Superficial mucocoeles Oral Surg 66:318-322, 1988 Syringosquamous metaplasia of the eccrine glands – vesicles JAAD 38:1-17, 1998; AD 123:1202-1204, 1987 Waldenström’s IgM storage papules – skin-colored translucent papules on extensor extremities, buttocks, trunk; may be hemorrhagic, crusted, or umbilicated pruritic papules, vesicles, bullae, urticaria JAAD 45:S202-206, 2001; AD 134:1127-1131, 1998; reticulate purpura and bullae Clin Exp Dermatol 26:513-517, 2001

Bazex syndrome – bullae of hands and feet JAAD 40:822-825, 1999 Bullous pyoderma gangrenosum Bullous Sweet’s syndrome Glucagonoma syndrome (necrolytic migratory erythema) JAAD 24:473-477, 1991 Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites – associated with lymphoma/leukemia BJD 153:210-212, 2005; JAAD 45:569-578, 2001; BJD 138:905-906, 1998

Paraneoplastic pemphigus – associated with non-Hodgkin’s B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, Hodgkin’s disease, T-cell lymphoma, Castleman’s diseases, thymoma, poorly differentiated sarcoma, round-cell liposarcoma, inflammatory fibrosarcoma, uterine adenosarcoma JAAD 48:S69-72, 2003; JAAD 40:649-671, 1999; JAAD 39:867-871, 1998; AD 129:866-869, 1993; NEJM 323:1729-1735, 1990 Paraneoplastic pemphigus resembling bullous pemphigoid JAAD 43:714-717, 2000; JAAD 29:815-817, 1993; JAAD 40:649-671, 1999; JAAD 39:867-871, 1998; AD 129:866-869, 1993; NEJM 323:1729-1735, 1990; tense bullae of palms and soles BJD 144:1255-1261, 2001

Berloque dermatitis Celery ingestion with phototoxic burn AD 126:1334-1336, 1990 Creosote phototoxic burn Hydroa vacciniforme Clin Exp Dermatol 23:70-72, 1998; AD 122:1310-1313, 1986; AD 114:1193-1196, 1978; crusted vesicles BJD 144:874-877, 2001; associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection and lymphoma BJD 140:715-721, 1999 Juvenile spring eruption – bullae JAAD 50:S57-60, 2004 Phytophotodermatitis – linear and bullous lesions Rook p.790, 1998, Sixth Edition; meadow dermatitis (Umbelliferae) Rook p.796, 1998, Sixth Edition; Caputo p.9, 2000 Polymorphic light eruption – bullous ear lesions Solar elastosis, bullous JAAD 34:856-858, 1996

Acropustulosis of infancy – palmoplantar bullae of infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998 Acute parapsoriasis (pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta) (Mucha-Habermann disease) – vesiculo-papule AD 123:1335-1339, 1987; AD 118:478, 1982; bullous form JAAD 23:473-478, 1990 Anetoderma – bullous appearance of anetoderma overlying a pilomatrixoma JAAD 25:1072-1076, 1991 Angina bullosa hemorrhagica Rook p.3085, 1998, Sixth Edition Balanitis xerotica obliterans AD Syphilol 56:613, 1928 Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma Darier’s disease AD 118:278-279, 1982 Dyshidrotic eczema, including dyshidrotic id reaction Eosinophilic cellulitis BJD 146:160-161, 2002 Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:89-117; oral bullae with epidermolysis bullosa – simplex – generalized, herpetiform, superficialis AD 125:633-638, 1989; junctional – Herlitz, generalized mild, localized, inverse, progressive; dominant dystrophic – hyperplastic, albopapuloid, and polydysplastic dystrophic type; recessive dystrophic – localized, generalized, mutilating, inverse Rook p.3065, 1998, Sixth Edition; Oral Surg 43:859-872, 1977; variants Oral Surg 67:555-563, 1989; Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 71:440-446, 1991; late onset junctional epidermolysis bullosa (epidermolysis junctionalis progressiva) – bullae of hands and feet, nail dystrophy, loss of dermatolyphic pattern, tooth enamel abnormalities, hyperhidrosis BJD 144:1054-1057, 2001; autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa with muscular dystrophy or congenital myasthenia gravis AD 125:931-938, 1989; dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa; dystrophic epidermolyosis bullosa inversa – flexural bullae, oral ulcers,

dental caries, milia Ped Derm 20:243-248, 2003; epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mutation of collagen 17A1 gene; ITGB4 coding for integrin beta-4 BJD 151:669-674, 2004; JID 118:185-192, 2002

EBS of hands and feet – Weber Cockayne EBS with anodontia/hypodontia (Kallin syndrome) – thickened or curved nails, alopecia with brittle hair Ghatan p.216, 2002, Second Edition EBS, generalized – Koebner variant EBS herpetiformis – Dowling-Meara JAAD 28:859-861, 1993 EBS with mottled pigmentation of neck, upper trunk, arms and leg with or without keratoderma (punctate keratoses); cutaneous atrophy, nail dystrophy BJD 128:679-685, 1993; Clin Genet 15:228-238, 1979; acral blistering, hemorrhagic bullae, focal punctate keratoderma, dystrophic thick nails BJD 144:40-45, 2001 EBS Mendes da Costa variant – X-linked recessive Ghatan p.216, 2002, Second Edition EBS with muscular dystrophy – plectin mutation (premature termination codon) JAAD 41:950-956, 1999 EBS superficialis – atrophic scarring, oral, conjunctival blisters AD 125:633-638, 1989 EBS, Ogna variant – autosomal dominant; plectin abnormality; seasonal blistering of hands and feet, bruising, hemorrhagic bullae, onychogryphotic first toenails Hum Hered 23:189-196, 1973 EBS with or without neuromuscular diseases – autosomal recessive; muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, spinal muscular atrophy; possible mental retardation; early death reported AD 125:931-938, 1989 EBS Mendes de Coosta variant (dystrophia bullosa, typus maculatus) EBS with superficial erosions resembling peeling skin syndrome AD 125:633-638, 1989 Kallin’s syndrome – bullae of hands and feet, nail dystrophy, anodontia, alopecia, deafness Acta DV (Stockh) 65:526-530, 1985 Lethal autosomal recessive EBS BJD 113:135-143, 1985

Junctional EB Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:118-134

Localized forms JEB inversa (non-lethal inverse junctional EB) – groin, perineum, axillae; heals with atrophic white streaks; late onset Proc R Soc Med 70:576-577, 1977 Non-lethal localized junctional EB – legs and feet only; hyperkeratosis with erosions of soles J R Soc Med 78 (Suppl 11); 32-33, 1985 JEB localized, other Ghatan p.216, 2002, Second Edition JEB progressiva (neurotrophic) variant – autosomal recessive Ghatan p.216, 2002, Second Edition Progressive junctional EB (neurotropic) – partial deafness, bullae of hands and feet, elbows, and knees, atrophy, oral erosions JAAD 16:195-200, 1987 Cicatricial junctional EB – scarring, alopecia, syndactyly, contractures JAAD 12:836-844, 1985

Generalized forms EB atrophicans generalisata gravis, Herlitz type – extensive blistering and erosions at birth; perioral and nasal exuberant granulation tissue; bulbous finger tips with crusting and erosions Rook p.1828-1829, 1998, Sixth Edition Generalized atrophic benign EB (GABEB) (mitis) – non-lethal junctional – generalized blistering beginning in infancy; atrophic scarring; alopecia of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes Dermatologica 152:72-86, 1976; nevi or acquired macular pigmented lesions with irregular borders AD 122:704-710, 1986; GABEB – giant nevi at sites of blistering AD 132:145-150, 1996

JEB cicatricial – autosomal recessive; acral muscle deformities Ghatan p.216, 2002, Second Edition Pyloric atresia and junctional epidermolysis bullosa JAAD 36:304-310, 1997

Dystrophic EB Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:135-151

Localized Inversa – waistline bullae JAAD 33:361-365, 1995 Acral Pretibial AD 122:310-313, 1986 Centripetal EB pruriginosa – mild acral blistering at birth or early childhood; violaceous papular and nodular lesions in linear array on shins, forearms, trunk; lichenified hypertrophic and verrucous plaques in adults BJD 130:617-625, 1994

Generalized Dominant dystrophic – albopapuloid (Pasini) Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:152-165 Dominant dystrophic (hyperplastique) (Cockayne-Touraine variant) – nail dystrophy prominent Epidermolysis Bullosa: Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:152-165 Transient bullous dermolysis of newborn AD 121:1429-1438, 1985 Recessive dystrophic EB, gravis (Hallopeau, Siemens variant) Recessive dystrophic EB, mitis (mild, non-mutilating recessive dystrophic EB) Recessive inverse dystrophic – groin, axillae, neck, lower back, nail dystrophy, oral erosions (dermolytic dystrophic) AD 124:544-547, 1988

Epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma, woolly hair, and dilated cardiomyopathy – striated palmoplantar keratoderma, follicular keratosis, clubbing, vesicles and bullae on trunk, psoriasiform keratoses on knees, legs, and feet JAAD 39:418-421, 1998 Erythema annulare centrifugum – vesiculation, rarely Rook p.2088, 1998, Sixth Edition Grover’s disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis) AD 112:1440-1441, 1976 Hailey-Hailey disease – pemphigoid-like Hailey-Hailey disease Hydroa vacciniforme – typical and atypical associated with latent EBV infection and lymphoma BJD 140:715-721, 1999 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens – mutation of keratin 2e; superficial blistering of flexures, shins, abdomen with annular peeling; gray rippled hyperkeratosis of extrexities, lower trunk, flexures; hypertrichosis; circumscribed patchy scaling (mauserung); palmoplantar blistering with hyperhidrosis BJD 140:689-695, 1999; JID 103:277-281, 1994; JAAD 14:1000-1005, 1986 Keratosis lichenoides chronica – vesicular and papular lesions of palms and soles BJD 144:422-424, 2001 Lichen amyloidosis Ann Acad Med Singapore 29:105-107, 2000 Lichen nitidus – vesicular linear eruption JAAD 36:630-631, 1997 Lichen planus – bullous Dermatology 190:156-159, 1995; lichen planus pemphigoides BJD 142:509-512, 2000; JAAD 22:626-631, 1990 Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus Rook p.2549-2551, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 93:215-217, 1975 Necrolytic acral erythema – serpiginous, verrucous plaques of dorsal aspects of hands, legs, initially with peripheral bullae; associated with hepatitis C infection JAAD 50:S121-124, 2004; Int J Derm 35:252-256, 1996

Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) Pityriasis rosea – vesicles, papulovesicles Acta DV 42 (suppl 50):1-68, 1962 Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease) – bullous variant JAAD 35:653-666, 1996 Transient bullous dermatosis of the newborn JAAD 40:471-476, 1999; JAAD 21:708-713, 1989; AD 129:1209-1210, 1993

Factitial dermatitis – tense bulla BJD 143:229-230, 2000; Rook p.2800-2802, 1998, Sixth Edition; JAAD 1:391-407, 1979

Acro-osteolysis associated with spinal dysraphism – bullae and ulcers of the foot, hyperhidrosis of the affected limb Ped Derm 18:97-101, 2001 Alagille syndrome Amniotic band syndrome Bart’s syndrome Ped Derm 17:179-182, 2000; AD 131:663-668, 1995 Behçet’s disease – vesicles JAAD 41:540-545, 1999; JAAD 40:1-18, 1999; NEJM 341:1284-1290, 1999; JAAD 36:689-696, 1997 Bloom’s syndrome (congenital telangiectatic erythema and stunted growth) – autosomal recessive; blisters of nose and cheeks; slender face, prominent nose; facial telangiectatic erythema with involvement of eyelids, ear, hand and forearms; bulbar conjunctival telangiectasias; stunted growth; CALMs, clinodactyly, syndactyly, congenital heart disease, annular pancreas, high-pitched voice, testicular atrophy; no neurologic deficits Ped Derm 22:147-150, 2005; Ped Derm 14:120-124, 1997; JAAD 17:479-488, 1987; Am J Hum Genet 21:196-227, 1969; AD 94:687-694, 1966; Am J Dis Child 88:754-758, 1954 Degos-Touraine syndrome – incontinentia pigmenti with poikiloderma in photodistribution, bullae of face, extremities; chronic erythroderma with subsequent hyperpigmentation Soc Gr Dermatol Syph 68:6-10, 1961 Dyskeratosis congenita (Zinsser-Engman-Cole syndrome) – Xq28 – palmar bullae with trauma Rook p.415, 1998, Sixth Edition; Dermatol Clin 13:33-39, 1995; BJD 105:321-325, 1981 Familial eosinophilic cellulitis, short stature, dysmorphic habitus, and mental retardation – bullae, vesicles, and red plaques JAAD 38:919-928, 1998 Familial Mediterranean fever Cutis 37:290-292, 1986, AD 134:929-931, 1998 Familial peeling skin syndrome with eosinophilia Arch Pathol Lab Med 120:662-665, 1996 Fine scaling, keratosis pilaris, periorificial crusting, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, blistering JAAD 34:379-385, 1996 Glucagonoma syndrome JAAD 30:324-329, 1994 Goltz’s syndrome Hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma of Weary Ped Derm 13:427-429, 1996 Hypereosinophilic syndrome – vesiculobullous lesions AD 132:535-541, 1996; Sem Derm 14:122-128, 1995; Blood 83:2759-2779, 1994 Incontinentia pigmenti, including palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995

IPEX syndrome – X-linked; immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy; mutation of FOXP3; nummular dermatitis, urticaria, scaly psoriasiform plaques of trunk and extrexities, penile rash, alopecia universalis, bullae AD 140:466-472, 2004 Job’s syndrome – neonatal vesicular rash; vesicles on face and scalp Ped Derm 5:175-182, 1988 Kindler’s syndrome AD 140:939-944, 2004; BJD 135:503-504, 1996; Ped Derm 13:397-402, 1996; AD 132:1487-1490, 1996; JAAD 6:263-265, 1982 Lipoid proteinosis – vesicular lesions early BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002; JAAD 39:149-171, 1998 Mendes da Costa syndrome (dystrophia bullosa, typus maculatus) – X-linked recessive; tense intraepidermal bullae, alopecia, coarse reticulated hyperpigmentation of face and extremities with atrophy, mental retardation Acta DV (Stockh) 18:265, 1937; intraepidermal blisters, microcephaly, mental retardation, atrichia, short conical fingers JAAD 50:S65-69, 2004 NOMID syndrome Pachyonychia congenita – palmar and plantar bullae JAAD 19:705-711, 1988 Peeling skin syndrome, fissured cheilitis, blistering of palms and soles, and desmosomal abnormalities JAAD 34:379-385, 1996 Proteus syndrome – lymphangioma circumscriptum, port wine stains, subcutaneous hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, hemihypertrophy of the face, limbs, trunk; macrodactyly, cerebriform hypertrophy of palmar and/or plantar surfaces, macrocephaly; verrucous epidermal nevi, sebaceous nevi with hyper-or hypopigmentation Am J Med Genet 27:99-117, 1987; vascular nevi, soft subcutaneous masses; lipodystrophy, café au lait macules, linear and whorled macular pigmentation Pediatrics 76:984-989, 1985; Am J Med Genet 27:87-97, 1987; Eur J Pediatr 140:5-12, 1983 Reed syndrome – bullae of fingers and soles; absence of dermatoglyphics Relapsing polychondritis – vesicular eruption Clin Exp Rheumatol 20:89-91, 2002 Reticulate hyperpigmentation with alopecia, nail changes, and growth retardation with or without blisters Schweiz Med Wochenschr 100:228-233, 1970; Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 78:773-781, 1939 Richner-Hanhart syndrome (tyrosinemia type II) – bullae of palms and soles; palmoplantar keratoderma Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (poikiloderma congenitale) – autosomal recessive; occasional blisters after sun exposure Am J Med Genet 22:102:11-17, 2001; Ped Derm 18:210212, 2001; Ped Derm 16:59-61, 1999; Dermatol Clin 13:143-150, 1995; JAAD 27:75-762, 1992 Rowell’s syndrome – lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme-like syndrome – papules, annular targetoid lesions, vesicles, bullae, necrosis, ulceration, oral ulcers; perniotic lesions JAAD 21:374-377, 1989 Shulman’s syndrome – eosinophilic fasciitis with superficial blistering JAAD 1:221-226, 1979; Ann Rheum Dis 36:354-359, 1977 Sweet’s syndrome – plaques with bullae JAAD 31:535-536, 1994; BJD 76:349-356, 1964; plaques with bullae with acute hepatitis B infection BJD 143:914-916, 2000; classical pseudovesicular border Wells’ syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis) – vesiculobullous plaques AD 139:933-938, 2003; BJD 143:425-427, 2000; BJD 140:127-130, 1999; AD 133:1579-1584, 1997; JAAD 33:857-64, 1995; JAAD 18:105-114, 1988; Trans S. Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc 51:46-56, 1971

Xeroderma pigmentosum – acute sunburn, persistent erythema, freckling – initially discrete, then fuse to irregular patches of hyperpigmentation, dryness on sun-exposed areas; with time telangiectasias and small angiomas, atophic white macules develop; vesiculobullous lesions, superficial ulcers lead to scarring, ectropion; multiple malignancies; photophobia, conjunctivitis, ectropion, symblepharon, neurologic abnormalities Adv Genet 43:71-102, 2001; Hum Mutat 14:9-22, 1999; Mol Med Today 5:86-94, 1999; Derm Surg 23:447-455, 1997; Dermatol Clin 13:169-209, 1995; Recent Results Cancer Res 128:275-297, 1993; AD 123:241-250, 1987; Ann Intern Med 80:221-248, 1974; XP variant AD 128:1233-1237, 1992

Arsenic – acute arsenic intoxication; initially morbilliform eruption with development of vesicles, pustules on red background; followed by generalized desquamation and palmoplantar lamellar desquamation BJD 141:1106-1109, 1999 Mercury poisoning – skin-colored to slightly red papules or papulovesicles of palms or soles JAAD 49:1109-1111, 2003 Methyl bromide AD 124:917-921, 1988 Mustard gas exposure AD 128:775-780, 1992; JAAD 32:765-766, 1995, JAAD 39:187-190, 1998 Self-defense sprays (orthochlorobenzylidene malononitrile) AD 129:913, 1993

Amputation stump friction blisters Rook p.905, 1998, Sixth Edition Burns – thermal, chemical (hydrofluoric acid) Cutis 59:306-308, 1997), ultraviolet, infrared; chemical burn – bullous pemphigoid induced by chemical burn JAAD 38:337-340, 1998 Chilblains – vesicles, bullae, ischemic necrosis; calcification Rook p.3021, 1998, Sixth Edition Child abuse – bullae from burns JAAD 5:203-212, 1981 Cold weather immersion foot – acral bullae Derm Clinics 17:1-17, 1999 Coma bullae – facial bullae, linear bullae Cutis 69:265-268, 2002; Am J Dermatopathol 15:208-216, 1993; Cutis 45:423-426, 1990 Cryotherapy Electron beam therapy Erythema ab igne Rook p.937, 1998, Sixth Edition Fracture blisters JAAD 30:1033-1034, 1994 Friction blisters Rook p.893-894, 1998, Sixth Edition Frostbite Cutis 63:21-23, 1999; Rook p.958-959, 1998, Sixth Edition Neonatal sucking blister – fingers, lips, forearms Pediatrics 32:1099-2001, 1963 Nerve injury, traumatic – surgical injury to lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with bulla and subsequent ulceration of lateral lower leg Dermatol Wochenschri 136:971-973, 1957 Pressure bullae Pressure urticaria – bullous delayed pressure urticaria BJD 153:435-439, 2005 Pulling boat hands JAAD 12:649-655, 1985 Radiation dermatitis, acute Acta DV 49:64-71, 1969; lymphangiomatous papules following radiation therapy Histopathology 35:319-327, 1999; bulla of the legs with pruritic eruption with eosinophilia AD 137:821-822, 2001; eosinophilic polymorphic and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy (EPPER) – bullae, red papules, pruritic AD 137:821-822, 2001 Subcutaneous emphysema of eyelids – bullae over medial canthi Rook p.2988, 1998, Sixth Edition

Superficial mucocoele – oral bulla Rook p.3085, 1998, Sixth Edition Tape stripping bullae

Chylous reflux BJD 120:695-700, 1989 Churg-Strauss disease – vesicles and bullae JAAD 47:209-216, 2002; Medicine 78:26-37, 1999 Edema – acute edema bullae of legs BJD 144:580-582, 2001 Erythema elevatum diutinum – PCT-like bullae BJD 124:89-91, 1991; perilesional vesicles and bullae Ann DV 104:75-76, 1977; BJD 80:178-183, 1968 Erythromelalgia – edema and bullae of legs BJD 151:708-710, 2004 Henoch-Schönlein purpura Ped Derm 15:357-359, 1998; Ped Derm 12:314-317, 1995 Lymphangioma circumscriptum BJD 83:519-527, 1970 Lymphangioma, diffuse – may or may not have widely distributed vesicles Rook p.2283, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 134:1135-1137, 1996; AD 129:194-197, 1993 Lymphangiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves tumor) – bullae and nodules in lymphedematous extremity Arch Surg 94:223-230, 1967; Cancer 1:64-81, 1948 Lymphedema, including congenital lymphedema (Milroy’s disease); engorged dermal lymphatics mimicking appearance of vesicles Rook p.2285, 1998, Sixth Edition Polyarteritis nodosa – in children; fever, peripheral gangrene, black necrosis, livedo reticularis, ulcers, nodules, vesiculobullous lesions, arthralgia, nodules of face and extremities, conjunctivitis JAAD 53:724-728, 2005; Ann Rheum Dis 54:134-136, 1995 Reactive angioendotheliomatosis – red purple-purpuric patches and plaques; includes acroangiomatosis, diffuse dermal angiomatosis, intravascular hitiocytosis, glomeruloid angioendotheliomatosis, angioperictomatosis (angiomatosis with cryoproteins); associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, hepatitis, cholesterol emboli, arteriovenous shunt, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monoclonal gammopathy, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis JAAD 49:887-896, 2003 Stasis bullae Temporal arteritis – bullae of scalp BJD 76:299-308, 1964 Urticarial vasculitis, including urticarial vasculitis associated with mixed cryoglobulins, hepatitis B or C infection, IgA multiple myeloma, infectious mononucleosis, monoclonal IgM gammopathy (Schnitzler’s syndrome), fluoxetine ingestion, metastatic testicular teratoma, serum sickness, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic lupus erythematous JAAD 38:899-905, 1998; Medicine 74:24-41, 1995; JAAD 26:441-448, 1992 Vasculitis – idiopathic, drug-induced Cutis 67:303-307, 2001; acantholytic vesicular dermatitis with leukocytoclastic vasculitis JAAD 15:1083-1089, 1986 Congenital Volkmann ischemic contracture (neonatal compartment syndrome) – upper extremity circumferential contracture from wrist to elbow; necrosis, cyanosis, edema, eschar, bullae, purpura; irregular border with central white ischemic tissue with formation of bullae, edema, or spotted bluish color with necrosis, a reticulated eschar or whorled pattern with contracture of arm; differentiate from necrotizing fasciitis, congenital varicella, neonatal gangrene, aplasia cutis congenital, amniotic band syndrome, subcutaneous fat necrosis, epidermolysis bullosa BJD 150:357-363, 2004 Wegener’s granulomatosis JAAD 31:605-612, 1994

Absent dermatoglyphics and transient facial milia (vesicles) JAAD 32:315-318, 1995 Behcet’s disease, neonatal Congenital candidiasis Congenital self-healing Langerhans cell histiocytosis JAAD 31:910-6, 1994 Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis Erythema toxicum neonatorum Herpes simplex infection Infantile acropustulosis Incontinentia pigmenti Listeria monocytogenes infection, perinatal Miliaria Transient neonatal pustular melanosis

Allergic contact dermatitis to poison ivy Bullous pemphigoid Clin Exp Dermatol 13:242-243, 1988 Cicatricial pemphigoid – including hemorrhagic bullae of buccal mucosae; adult or childhood form of cicatricial pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis JAAD 16:1274-1276, 1987 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, including buccal mucosa JAAD 11:820-832, 1984 Graft vs. host disease Linear IgA disease (chronic bullous disease of childhood) – perioral, eyelids, ears, scalp, perineum, vulva; annular polycyclic bullae; hemorrhagic bullae Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; neonatal linear IgA disease Ped Derm 10:171-176, 1993 Lupus erythematosus – systemic lupus – bullous sunburn reaction Rook p.2472-2473, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 82:125-128, 1970; AD 83:910-914, 1961 Mixed connective tissue disease – with vasculitis Morphea Cutis 44:118-119, 1989 Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatoid vasculitis JAAD 53:191-209, 2005; BJD 147:905-913, 2002; AD 125:1101-1104, 1989

Aplasia cutis congenital Ped Derm 21:150-153, 2004

Bullous pemphigoid – penicillin, sulfasalazine, topical 5-fluorouracil, PUVA, electron beam radiotherapy Clinics in Derm 11:515-520, 1993 Chemotherapy extravasation Coumarin necrosis – associated with protein C deficiency (autosomal dominant); begins 3-5 days after commencing coumarin therapy Fixed drug reaction Gemcytabine extravasation Heparin necrosis

Iododerma Australas J Dermatol 28:119-122, 1987 Linear IgA disease – somatostatin, vancomycin, captopril, phenytoin, lithium, diclofenac, cefamandole, amiodarone, furosemide JAAD 41:103-105, 1999; Clinics in Derm 11:529-533, 1993 Penicillamine – hemorrhagic bullae of dorsum of feet AD 95:196-198, 1967 PPD reaction – bullous Vasculitis, leukocytoclastic – drug-induced

Aeromonas sobria Pathol Int 49:541-546, 1999 Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis; malignant pustule; face, neck, hands, arms; starts as papule then evolves into bulla on red base; then hemorrhagic crust with edema and erythema with small vesicles; edema of surrounding skin Am J Dermatopathol 19:79-82, 1997; J Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994; Br J Opthalmol 76:753-754, 1992; J Trop Med Hyg 89:43-45, 1986; Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 38:355-361, 1981 Aspergillosis – primary cutaneous JAAD 38:797-798, 1998; primary cutaneous aspergillosis in premature infants Ped Derm 19:439-444, 2002; AD 136:1165-1170, 2000; JAAD 12:313-318, 1985; sepsis in leukemic patients AD 141:633-638, 2005 Brucellosis Capnocytophagia canimorsus Caterpillar dermatitis – puss caterpillar (larval stage of flannel moth, Megalopyge opercularis) – hemorrhagic papulovesicles or bullae Cutis 71:445-448, 2003 Clostridium perfringens/septicum Ann Emerg Med 10:312-314, 1981 Cowpox – papule progresses to vesicle to hemorrhagic vesicle to umbilicated pustule, then eschar with ulcer JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; BJD 1331:598-607, 1994 Ecthyma gangrenosum

Pseudomonas Enteric rods Aeromonas hydrophila Xanthomonas maltophila Aspergillus species Candida albicans Capnocytophaga canimorsus

Enterobacter cloacae JAAD 27:637-638, 1992; Rev Infect Dis 44:13-28, 1982 Erysipelas, bullous Flavobacterium odoratum – necrotizing fasciitis J Clin Inf Dis 21:1337-1338, 1995 Gonococcemia – periarticular lesions appear in crops with red macules, papules, vesicles with red halo, pustules, bullae becoming hemorrhagic and necrotic; suppurative arthritis and tenosynovitis Ann Intern Med 102:229-243, 1985; NEJM 282:793-794, 1970 Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Tyring p.133, 2002 Impetigo Insect bite reaction Rook p.1425-1426, 1998, Sixth Edition; mosquitoes The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon; p.64, 2000 Klebsiella sepsis Leprosy – erythema nodosum leprosum AD 132:1432-1434, 1996; nerve involvement – plantar hemorrhagic bulla Rook p.1228, 1998, Sixth Edition

Lyme disease NEJM 321:586-596, 1989; AD 120:1017-1021, 1984 Meningococcemia – acute or chronic (petechial); acute; initially ecchymoses, purpuric papules and plaques with surrounding erythema, vesicles, bullae, hemorrhagic necrosis, purpura fulminans Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.195, 2001 Morganella morganii JAAD 12:575-576, 1985 Mosquito bite hypersensitivity syndrome in Epstein-Barr virus-associated natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma – clear or hemorrhagic bullae with necrosis, ulceration and scar formation JAAD 45:569-578, 2001 Necrotizing fasciitis AD 138:893-898, 2002 Nocardia asteroides AD 121:898, 1985 Orf AD 126:356-358, 1990; Isr J Med Sci 24:54-56, 1988 Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome J Dermatol 29:371-375, 2002 Pneumococcal cellulitis AD 132:81-86, 1996 Portuguese man of war Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas sepsis Purpura fulminans – variety of bacterial, fungal, and viral organisms Salmonella NY State J Med 81:1639-1641, 1981 Sea anemone sting Smallpox Snake bite Spider bites – brown recluse spider bite Clin Inf Dis 32:595,636-637, 2001 Staphylococcal sepsis Subacute bacterial endocarditis Tropical ulcer (phagedenic ulcer) – mixed infection with Fusobacterium ulcerans and other organisms; papule or bulla (hemorrhagic) which breaks down to form ulcer with undermined border Int J Dermatol 27:49-53, 1988 Typhoid fever Varicella Vibrio cholerae non-01 Clin Inf Dis 21:1330-1333, 1995 Vibrio vulnificus Clin Inf Dis 40:718,754-755, 2005; AD 122:818-820, 1986

Amyloidosis – the separation of epidermis and dermis occurs within the dermal deposits of amyloid; protein AL consists of a polypeptide of light chain immunoglobulin composed of fragments of the variable (amino-terminal) region; clinical lesions include petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, plaques, tumefactive lesions, pigmentary changes, scleroderma-like infiltration, bullae, alopecia, cord-like blood vessel thickening, nail dystrophy, and cutis laxa Eur J Dermatol 10:139-142, 2000; Medicine 24:124-128, 1994; Cutis 43:346-352, 1989; AD 124:1683-1686, 1988; BJD 113:85-95, 1985; AD 117:782-784, 1981; oral hemorrhagic bullae Rook p.3056, 1998, Sixth Edition Langerhans cell histiocytosis – purpuric vesicles JAAD 37:314-317, 1997; JAAD 13:481-496, 1985 Mastocytosis – bullous mastocytosis presents before age of 9 months; occurs in absence of pigmentary changes and without lesions of urticaria pigmentosa; if present in infancy, extracutaneous involvement is common Ped Derm 19:375-381, 2002; AD 127:1049-1054, 1991; AD 101:547-562, 1970

Erythema multiforme with epidermal necrosis Pyoderma gangrenosum, bullous BJD 102:235-237, 1980; Trans St John’s Hosp Dermatol Soc 60:142-151, 1974; association with polycythemia vera Clin Exp Dermatol 12:375-377, 1987; leukemia JAAD 9:751-758, 1983; CML Proc R Soc Med 67:1239-1240, 1974; hairy cell leukemia JAAD 11:300-302, 1985

Acrodermatitis enteropathica Cryoglobulinemia – mixed cryoglobulinemia secondary to hepatitis C infection Cutis 72:290,295, 2003 Diabetic bulla – intraepidermal or subepidermal separation without acantholysis JAAD 7:427-455, 1982 Disseminated intravascular coagulation – obstetric complications, extensive tissue damage, gram-negative septicemias, immune reactions, malignancy, snake bites, angiomas, protein S or protein C deficiency Br Med J 312:683-687, 1996; BJD 88:221-229, 1973 Hyperhomocysteinemia and antiphospholipid antibodies JAAD 49:S161-163, 2003 Neonatal purpura fulminans – ecchymoses of limbs at sites of pressure in first day of life; enlarge rapidly, hemorrhagic bullae with central necrosis; homozygous protein C or protein S deficiency Semin Thromb Hemost 16:299-309, 1990 Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria – petechiae, ecchymoses, red plaques which become hemorrhagic bullae with necrosis; lesions occur on legs, abdomen, chest, nose, and ears; deficiency of enzymes – decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL); acquired intravascular hemolytic anemia; due to a drop in pH of serum during sleep; Ham test (acid hemolysis); sucrose lysis test, low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase; anemia, hemoglobinuria (dark urine), increased serum hemoglobin, hemosiderinuria; abdominal pain, recurrent infections, headache, venous thrombosis, progressive bone marrow failure, and ultimately lymphoreticular malignancy (especially, leukemia) AD 138:831-836, 2002; AD 122:1325-1330, 1986; AD 114:560-563, 1978 Pellagra Cutis 69:96-98, 2002; Semin Dermatol 10:282,1991 Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) Pseudo-PCT Renal failure with or without furosemide Scurvy JAAD 41:895-906, 1999 Wilson’s disease JAAD 21:1030, 1989

Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis JAAD 48:S75-77, 2003 Lymphoma – cutaneous T-cell lymphoma Bull Soc Fr Derm Syph 73:373-376, 1966

Paraneoplastic pemphigus BJD 144:1255-1261, 2001

Hydroa vacciniforme – red macules progress to tender papules, hemorrhagic vesicles or bullae, umbilication and crusting; pock-like scars Ped Derm 18:71-73, 2001; JAAD 42:208-213,

2000; Dermatology 189:428-429, 1994; JAAD 25:892-895, 1991; JAAD 25:401-403, 1991; BJD 118:101-108, 1988; AD 118:588-591, 1982; familial BJD 140:124-126, 1999; AD 114:1193-1196, 1978; AD 103:223-224, 1971; late onset BJD 144:874-877, 2001 Polymorphic light eruption Sunbed use BMJ 296:1708, 1988

Angina bullosa hemorrhagica AD 135:593-598, 1999 Balanitis xerotica obliterans JAAD 37:1-24, 1997 Benign hemorrhagic bullous stomatitis Ann DV 126:525-526, 1999 Darier’s disease of the hands and feet AD 89:523-527, 1964 Epidermolysis bullosa, many types; EBS herpetiformis – Dowling-Meara – begins in infancy with hemorrhagic blisters of fingers and toes JAAD 28:859-861, 1993; EBS, Ogna variant – autosomal dominant; plectin abnormality; seasonal blistering of hands and feet, bruising, hemorrhagic bullae, onychogryphotic first toenails Hum Hered 23:189-196, 1973; epidermolysis simplex with mottled pigmentation – acral blistering, hemorrhagic bullae, focal punctate keratoderma, dystrophic thick nails BJD 144:40-45, 2001 Epidermolysis bullosa atrophicans generalisata mitis JAAD 12:836-844, 1985 Erythema elevatum diutinum AD 132:1360-1364, 1996 Lichen nitidus AD 105:430-431, 1972 Lichen planus, bullous Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, bullous JAAD 39:500-501, 1998; JAAD 10:346-350, 1984 Toxic erythema of the newborn Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover’s disease)

Factitial dermatitis

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome Behçet’s disease JAAD 36:689-696, 1997 Ichthyosiform dermatosis with superficial blister formation and peeling JAAD 34:379-385, 1996 Kindler’s syndrome Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (bullae on dorsal foot) JAAD 28:29-32,1993 Sweet’s syndrome – predominance of women; upper extremities, neck and upper trunk; arthralgias, conjunctivitis, episcleritis, aphthosis, proteinuria, and high ESR; 10-15% associated with malignancy, most commonly acute myelogenous leukemia. In malignancy-associated Sweet’s, male to female ratio is 1:1 and patients more likely to have bullous or ulcerative lesions AD 126:527-532, 1990 Wells’ syndrome

Altitude injury – petechiae and hemorrhagic bullae of external auditory canal in pilots descending from high altitudes Laryngoscope 56:225-236, 1946

Burns, electrical, thermal, ultraviolet Coma bullae – sweat gland necrosis Cutis 45:423, 1990 Cryotherapy Erythema ab igne Frostbite Pressure bullae Sunburn

Acquired digital arteriovenous malformation BJD 142:362-365, 2000 Churg-Strauss disease BJD 150:598-600, 2004; JAAD 47:209-216, 2002; J Dermatol 22:46-51, 1995 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Henoch-Schönlein purpura AD 139:215-220, 2003; Ped Derm 15:357-359, 1998; Ped Derm 12:314-317, 1995 Ischemic gangrene Polyarteritis nodosa, systemic – cutaneous infarcts presenting as purpuric plaques Rook p.2212, 1998 Purpura fulminans Pustular vasculitis of hands JAAD 32:192-198, 1995 Vasculitis – large and/or small vessel – leukocytoclastic vasculitis Rook p.2178, 1998, Sixth Edition; urticarial vasculitis AD 134:231-236, 1998 Venous gangrene (acral) – combination of severe pain, extensive edema, and cyanosis of the limb; in arterial gangrene edema is absent or minimal, cutaneous hemorrhage does not occur, skin is pale, subcutaneous veins are poorly filled and empty with leg elevation AD 123:933-936, 1987 Wegener’s granulomatosis BJD 143:207-209, 2000; AD 113:175-182, 1977

BULLAE, HEMORRHAGIC, SEPTIC Aeromonas hydrophilia NY State J Med 82:1461-1464, 1982 Aeromonas sobria Pathol Int 49:541-546, 1999 Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis; malignant pustule; face, neck, hands, arms; starts as papule then evolves into bulla on red base; then hemorrhagic crust with edema and erythema with small vesicles; edema of surrounding skin Am J Dermatopathol 19:79-82, 1997; J Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994; Br J Opthalmol 76:753-754, 1992; J Trop Med Hyg 89:43-45, 1986; Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 38:355-361, 1981 Aspergillosis AD 141:633-638, 2005; AD 136:1165-1170, 2000; JAAD 12:313-318, 1985; primary cutaneous aspergillosis in premature infants Ped Derm 19:439-444, 2002; primary cutaneous JAAD 38:797-798, 1998 Bacillus cereus AD 127:543, 1991 Brucellosis Capnocytophagia canimorsus Cellulitis of the extensor compartment Chagas’ disease Citrobacter JAAD 5:613, 1981 Clostridium perfringens/septicum NEJM 323:1406, 1990; Ann Emerg Med 10:312-314, 1981 Cowpox – papule progresses to vesicle to hemorrhagic vesicle to umbilicated pustule, then eschar with ulcer JAAD 44:1-14, 2001; BJD 1331:598-607, 1994 Cytomegalovirus JAAD 11:743-747, 1984

Dermatophyte infection Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) – gram-negative septicemias Br Med J 312:683-687, 1996; BJD 88:221-229, 1973; variety of infections Ecthyma gangrenosum

Pseudomonas Enteric rods Aeromonas hydrophila Xanthomonas maltophila Aspergillus species Candida albicans Capnocytophaga canimorsus

Enterobacter cloacae JAAD 27:637-638, 1992; Rev Infect Dis 44:13-28, 1982 Erysipelas Escherichia coli AD 110:105-106, 1974 Flavobacterium odoratum – necrotizing fasciitis J Clin Inf Dis 21:1337-1338, 1995 Fusarium, localized – plantar hemorrhagic bulla JAAD 47:659-666, 2002 Gonococcemia – periarticular lesions appear in crops with red macules, papules, vesicles with red halo, pustules, bullae becoming hemorrhagic and necrotic; suppurative arthritis and tenosynovitis Ann Intern Med 102:229-243, 1985; NEJM 282:793-794, 1976 Herpes simplex infection Herpes zoster Klebsiella Lyme disease Meningococcemia JAMA 134:513-518, 1947 Morganelli morganii JAAD 12:575-576, 1985 Mucormycosis – Rhizopus oryzi Necrotizing fasciitis AD 138:893-898, 2002 Nocardia asteroides AD 121;898, 1985 Orf AD 126:356, 1990 Proteus mirabilis Pseudomonas – ecthyma gangrenosum JAAD 11:781-787, 1984; Arch Int Med 128:591-595, 1971; Am J Med 25:877-889, 1958; neonatal infection Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.139,147, 2001 Rhizopus azygosporus BJD 153:428-430, 2005 Rocky Mountain spotted fever Salmonella enteritidis NYS Jnl Med 81:1639-1641, 1981 Scedosporium – bullous necrotic purpura Ann DV 125:711-714, 1998 Staphylococcus aureus sepsis Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis AD 132:81-86, 1996 Streptococcus pyogenes, group A Toxic shock syndrome JAAD 10:267-272, 1984 Trichosporon beigelli Mayo Clin Prog 58:684, 1983 Tropical ulcer (phagedenic ulcer) – mixed infection with Fusobacterium ulcerans and other organisms; papule or bulla (hemorrhagic) which breaks down to form ulcer with undermined border Int J Dermatol 27:49-53, 1988 Typhoid fever Varicella Non-01 Vibrio cholerae JAAD 29:909-912, 1993 Vibrio vulnificus Clin Inf Dis 40:718,754-755, 2005; BJD 142:386-387, 2000; Int J Dermatol 28:313-316, 1989; AD 122:818-820, 1986; JAAD 12:575-576, 1983 Yersinia enterocolitica Am J Med Sci 287:38, 1984

BULLAE IN NEWBORN Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138, 2001; Rook p.489, 1998, Sixth Edition Absent dermal ridges and congenital milia syndrome – multiple bullae of fingertips and soles Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,151, 2001 Acrodermatitis enteropathica Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,150, 2001 AEC syndrome Aplasia cutis congenita, membranous Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,150, 2001; bulla of scalp AD 137:45-50, 2001 Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) Rook p.1505-1507, 1998, Sixth Edition Bullous impetigo Bullous pemphigoid Clin Exp Dermatol 8:329-332, 1983 Burns, thermal or chemical Candida – congenital cutaneous candidiasis – bullae, maculovesicular eruption JAAD 37:817-823, 1997; AJDC 135:273-275, 1981 Combined immunodeficiency – desquamative erythematous, morbilliform or vesiculopapular eruption of newborn (3 weeks) Rook p.498-499, 1998, Sixth Edition Congenital absence of skin Congenital erosive dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring – most infants premature; extensive symmetrical erosions with scattered vesicles; scarring with hypohidrosis, patchy alopecia, hypoplastic nails JAAD 32:873-87, 1995; AD 126:544-546, 1990; JAAD 17:369-376, 1987; AD 121:361-367, 1985 Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Congenital bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma Down’s syndrome – with transient myeloproliferative disorder (leukemoid reactions) – neonatal pustules, vesicles, papulovesicles Ped Derm 20:232-237, 2003 Epidermolysis bullosa Focal dermal hypoplasia (Goltz’s syndrome) Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.150, 2001 Generalized mottled pigmentation with postnatal blistering JAAD 50:S65-69, 2004; Arch fur Dermatolgie und Syphilis 139:80-112, 1922 Group B streptococcal infections Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.139,147, 2001 Herpes gestationes, passively transferred Herpes simplex, intrauterine Herpes zoster Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens, bullous Bolognia p.499, 2004 Impetigo Incontinentia pigmenti AD 139:1163-1170, 2003 Kindler’s syndrome – acral blistering on dorsal aspects of hands and feet at birth; progressive poikiloderma; atrophy of hands and feet, photosensitivity AD 140:939-944, 2004; AD 132:1487-1490, 1996; AD 133:1111-1117, 1997; Ped Derm 6:82-90, 1989 Linear IgA disease Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,149, 2001 Lipoid proteinosis BJD 151:413-423, 2004; JID 120:345-350, 2003; BJD 148:180-182, 2003; Hum Molec Genet 11:833-840, 2002 Lymphangioma Ghatan p.106, 2002, Second Edition Mastocytosis Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.148, 2001

Maternal bullous disease – pemphigus vulgaris, herpes gestationes, pemphigus foliaceus Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,148, 2001 Miliaria crystallina JAAD 47:S270-272, 2002 Pemphigus vulgaris, passively transferred Porphyrias – erythropoietic protoporphyria, hepatoerythropoietic porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, harderoporphyria; erythropoietic porphyria, congenital Bolognia p.499, 2004 Pseudomonas infections – hemorrhagic bullae Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.139,147, 2001 Rudimentary meningocoele – bulla of scalp AD 137:45-50, 2001 Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Zentralseit Kinderheilkd 2:3-23, 1878 Sucking blisters – on radial or ulnar side of wrist Syphilis, congenital Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.139,147, 2001 Toxic epidermal necrolysis Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,149, 2001 Transient bullous dermatosis of the newborn J Cut Pathol 18:328-332, 1991 Varicella – fetal varicella syndrome

Allergic contact dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid Ped Derm 21:160-163, 2004; Ped Derm 19:119-121, 2002; AD 136:527-532, 2000 Chronic bullous disease of childhood Bolognia p.512, 2004 Cicatricial pemphigoid Combined immunodeficiency – desquamative erythematous, morbilliform or vesiculopapular eruption of newborn (3 weeks) Rook p.498-499, 1998, Sixth Edition Dermatitis herpetiformis Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Fogo selvagem (endemic pemphigus) JID 107:68-75, 1996; JAAD 32:949-956, 1995 Herpes gestationis – due to transplacental transmission of antibodies AD 112:1129-1131, 1976 IgA pemphigus – neonatal vesicopustules in a one-month old JAAD 48:S22-24, 2003 Linear IgA disease JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Lupus erythematosus, bullous JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Pemphigus foliaceus AD 131:1308-1311, 1995; neonatal JAAD 49:S187-189, 2003; JAAD 43:1130-1134, 2000 Pemphigus vulgaris, neonatal – due to transplacental transmission of antibodies JAAD 48:623-625, 2003; BJD 147:801-805, 2002; Ped Derm 3:468-472, 1986

Aplasia cutis congenita – bulla of scalp JAAD 48:S95-98, 2003; AD 137:45-50, 2001; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.129, 2001 Congenital absence of skin

Congenital erosive dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring – most infants premature; extensive symmetrical erosions with scattered vesicles; scarring with hypohidrosis, patchy alopecia, hypoplastic nails AD 126:544-546, 1990; JAAD 17:369-376, 1987; AD 121:361-367, 1985 Rudimentary meningocoele – bulla of scalp AD 137:45-50, 2001 Transillumination unit – thermal burn Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.114, 2001

Fixed drug eruptions Methotrexate – bullous acral erythema JAAD 52:S93-95, 2005

Alcohol burn of premature infant Eichenfeld, 2001, p.108 Phototherapy of neonatal jaundice after injection of methylene blue in amniotic cavity – erythema and blistering JAMA 208:1703, 1969

Aspergillus Bolognia p.511, 2004 Blistering distal dactylitis – Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes Candida – congenital cutaneous candidiasis – bullae, maculovesicular eruption JAAD 37:817-823, 1997; AJDC 135:273-275, 1981 Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Coxsackie A (5,9,10,16) – maculopapular-vesicular Tyring p.3,463, 2002; Rook p.998, 1998, Sixth Edition; Coxsackie A4 – widespread vesicular eruption Pediatrics 41:873-882, 1968 Dermatophytosis Group B streptococcal infection Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.147, 2001 Hand, foot and mouth disease (Coxsackie A5,10,16) – vesicular Caputo p.157-158, 2000; Rook p.998,1086, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 79:309-317, 1967; Enterovirus 71 Clin Inf Dis 32:236-242, 2001 Hepatitis B virus vaccine – Arthus reaction – vesicles Clin Inf Dis 33:906-908, 2001 Herpes simplex virus Tyring p.81,89-90, 2002; intrauterine infection; neonatal – face and scalp Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.202, 2001; eczema herpeticum J Infect Dis 158:109-116, 1988; Pediatrics 66:489-494, 1980 Herpes zoster Impetigo, bullous JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Insect bites The Clinical Management of Itching; Parthenon Publishing, 2000; p.xiii Meningococcemia Necrotizing fasciitis – bullae, purpura, lakes of pus, necrosis Ann Surg 199:101-103, 1984 Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.147, 2001 Rat bite fever Scabies Caputo p.166, 2000; Rook p.1460, 1998, Sixth Edition Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.147, 2001; Caputo p.137, 2000; Zentralseit Kinderheilkd 2:3-23, 1878 Syphilis, congenital – pemphigus syphiliticus Rook p.1254, 1998, Sixth Edition

Tinea pedis Varicella JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.147, 2001

Langerhans cell histiocytosis – varicella-like JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; J Dermatol 21:197-204, 1994 Mastocytosis, including xanthelasmoidea – generalized cutaneous mastocytosis Ped Derm 19:220-223, 2002; AD 138:831-836, 2002; BJD 144:355-358, 2001; urticaria pigmentosa; Rook p.2341-2344, 1998, Sixth Edition; Acta DV (Stockh) 42:433-439, 1962

Edematous scarring vasculitic panniculitis – hydroa vacciniforme-like lesions with vesicles, deep ulcers, varicelliform scars JAAD 32:37-44, 1995 Erythema multiforme Toxic epidermal necrolysis Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.149, 2001

Acrodermatitis enteropathica Ped Derm 19:426-431, 2002; Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.150, 2001 Diabetic bullae Ghatan p.112, 2002, Second Edition Miliaria crystallina, congenital – generalized vesicular eruption Ped Derm 21:171-173, 2004; JAAD 47:S270-272, 2002 Porphyria, congenital; erythropoietic protoporphyria – vesicles Eur J Pediatr 159:719-725, 2000; J Inherit Metab Dis 20:258-269, 1997; BJD 131:751-766, 1994; Curr Probl Dermatol 20:123-134, 1991; Am J Med 60:8-22, 1976 Protein C deficiency Pseudo-porphyria cutanea tarda

Transient myeloproliferative disorder associated with mosaicism for trisomy 21 – vesiculopustular rash NEJM 348:2557-2566, 2003

Photosensitive eruption – transient porphyrinemia in infant with hemolytic disease of newborn Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.110, 2001 Polymorphic light eruption

Acropustulosis of infancy Acute parapsoriasis mimicking varicella Bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (epidermolytic hyperkeratosis) Rook p.1505-1507, 1998, Sixth Edition Ectodermal dysplasia – AEC (Hay-Wells) syndrome Ectodermal dysplasia with plakophilin 1 deficiency Epidermolysis bullosa, multiple variants; EBS of hands and feet – Weber Cockayne; EBS, generalized – Koebner variant – bullae of occiput, back, legs in infants; hands and feet in children; EBS herpetiformis – Dowling-Meara JAAD 28:859-861, 1993; EBS

with or without neuromuscular diseases – autosomal recessive; muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, spinal muscular atrophy; possible mental retardation; early death reported AD 125:931-938, 1989; lethal autosomal recessive EBS BJD 113:135-143, 1985; Epidermolysis Bullosa:Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:89-117; EB atrophicans generalisata gravis, Herlitz type – extensive blistering and erosions at birth; perioral and nasal exuberant granulation tissue; bulbous finger tips with crusting and erosions Rook p.1828-1829, 1998, Sixth Edition; Epidermolysis Bullosa:Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:118-134; generalized atrophic benign EB (GABEB) (mitis) – non-lethal junctional – generalized blistering beginning in infancy; atrophic scarring; alopecia of scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes Dermatologica 152:72-86, 1976; pyloric atresia and junctional epidermolysis bullosa JAAD 36:304-310, 1997; EB pruriginosa – mild acral blistering at birth or early childhood; violaceous papular and nodular lesions in linear array on shins, forearms, trunk; lichenified hypertrophic and verrucous plaques in adults BJD 130:617-625, 1994; transient bullous dermolysis of newborn AD 121:1429-1438, 1985; epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mutation of collagen 17A1 gene; ITGB4 coding for integrin β4 BJD 151:669-674, 2004; JID 118:185-192, 2002 Erythema toxicum neonatorum JAAD 47:169-187, 2002 Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens Miliaria crystallina JAAD 47:S270-272, 2002; Rook p.455, 1998, Sixth Edition Pityriasis rosea – cutaneous and intraoral blisters Transient bullous dermolysis of the newborn – oral bullae, bullae of newborn Ped Derm 20:535-537, 2003; J Cutan Pathol 18:328-332, 1991; JAAD 21:708-713, 1989; AD 121:1429-1438, 1985

Absent dermal ridges and congenital milia syndrome – multiple bullae of fingertips and soles in neonate Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.138,151, 2001 Alagille syndrome – with porphyria cutanea tarda due to retained porphyrins Amniotic band syndrome Bloom’s syndrome (congenital telangiectatic erythema and stunted growth) – autosomal recessive; blisters of nose and cheeks; slender face, prominent nose; facial telangiectatic erythema with involvement of eyelids, ear, hand and forearms; bulbar conjunctival telangiectasias; stunted growth; CALMs, clinodactyly, syndactyly, congenital heart disease, annular pancreas, high-pitched voice, testicular atrophy; no neurologic deficits Ped Derm 22:147-150, 2005; Curr Prob Derm 14:41-70, 2002; Ped Derm 14:120-124, 1997; JAAD 17:479-488, 1987; AD 114:755-760, 1978; Clin Genet 12:85-96, 1977; Am J Hum Genet 21:196-227, 1969; Am J Dis Child 116:409-413, 1968; AD 94:687-694, 1966; Am J Dis Child 88:754-758, 1954 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Ghatan p.112, 2002, Second Edition Generalized mottled pigmentation with postnatal blistering JAAD 50:S65-69, 2004; Arch fur Dermatolgie und Syphilis 139:80-112, 1922 Goltz’s syndrome – neonatal bullae Textbook of Neonatal Dermatology, p.150, 2001 Incontinentia pigmenti AD 139:1163-1170, 2003; JAAD 47:169-187, 2002; palmar and plantar bullae in infancy Ped Derm 15:108-111, 1998; Curr Prob Derm VII:143-198, 1995 Kindler’s syndrome Bolognia p.512, 2004 Lipoid proteinosis – vesicles early BJD 148:180-182, 2003

Mendes da Costa syndrome (dystrophia bullosa, typus maculatus) – X-linked recessive; tense bullae, alopecia, coarse reticulated hyperpigmentation of face and extremities with atrophy, mental retardation Acta DV (Stockh) 18:265, 1937 NOMID syndrome Pachyonychia congenita Peeling skin syndrome Reticulate hyperpigmentation with alopecia, nail changes, and growth retardation with or without blisters Schweiz Med Wochenschr 100:228-233, 1970; Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 78:773-781, 1939 Shabbir’s syndrome (laryngo-onychocutaneous syndrome)

Burn, thermal – due to transcutaneous oxygen monitoring Paediatrician 5:335-369, 1976; chemical Child abuse – bullae of buttocks due to scalding AD 138:318-320, 2002 Friction blisters Garlic burns Ped Derm 17:475-476, 2000 Sucking blisters, neonatal – fingers, lips, forearms Eichenfeld, 2001, p.95; Pediatrics 32:1099-2001, 1963

Lymphangiectasia (acquired lymphangioma) – due to scarring processes such as recurrent infections, radiotherapy, scrofuloderma, scleroderma, keloids, tumors, tuberculosis, repeated trauma Rook p.2294-2295, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 132:1014-1016, 1996 Lymphangioma circumscriptum BJD 83:519-527, 1970 Lymphedema, congenital (Milroy’s disease) Polyarteritis nodosa – in children; fever, peripheral gangrene, black necrosis, livedo reticularis, ulcers, nodules, vesiculobullous lesions, arthralgia, nodules of face and extremities, conjunctivitis JAAD 53:724-728, 2005; Ann Rheum Dis 54:134-136, 1995

Allergic contact dermatitis including nickel sensitivity resembling bullous pemphigoid Anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid AD 130:1521-1529, 1994 Anti-p105 pemphigoid AD 130:343-347, 1994 Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Bullous pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid-like syndrome due to linear IgA disease directed against a 290 kDa antigen JAAD 31:884-888, 1994 Dermatitis herpetiformis Cutis 37:184-187, 1986 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Caputo, p.26, 2000 Graft vs. host disease – bullous scleroderma-like changes AD 121:1189-1192, 1985 Intraepidermal neutrophilic IgA dermatosis (IgA pemphigus) JAAD 31:502-504, 1994 Lupus erythematosus – bullous LE

Neonatal linear IgA disease Ped Derm 10:171-176, 1993 Pemphigus vulgaris – neonatal pemphigus Ped Derm 10:169-170, 1993; pemphigus with giant lymph node hyperplasia JAAD 26:105-109, 1992 Rheumatoid vasculitis – bullae of fingertips and toetips with or without purpura Rook p.2184, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 77:207-210, 1965

Neuropathic bullae of fingers and toes

Chemotherapy-induced acral erythema Cutis 51:175-179, 1993 Bleomycin – intralesional therapy of warts JAAD 40:367-398, 1999 Cantharadine – iatrogenic blisters Drug-induced pemphigus/penicillamine Epsilon amino caproic acid infusion JAAD 27:880-882, 1992 Extravasation from intravenous infusion Fixed drug reaction Furosemide, in chronic renal failure JAAD 21:1049-1051, 1989 Interleukin-2 reaction AD 130:890-893, 1994 Linear IgA disease

Drug-induced Amiodarone JAAD 31:809-811, 1994 Ampicillin Captopril Cutis 44:393-396, 1989 Diclophenac AD 124:1186-1188 Glibenclamide AD 123:1121-1122, 1987 Interferon-α Interleukin-2 Iodine Lithium AD 124:1186-1188, 1988 Penicillin Vancomycin JAAD 26:45-48, 1992

Methotrexate and leucovorin (palms and soles) AD 123:990-992, 1987; bullous acral erythema of toes JAAD 52:S93-95, 2005 Pemphigus vegetans due to captopril JAAD 27:281-284, 1992 Penicillamine AD 128:977-982, 1992 Penicillamine-induced bullous pemphigoid-like eruption AD 123:1119-1120, 1987 Penicillin-induced bullous pemphigoid mimicking erythema multiforme JAAD 18:345-349, 1988 Phenacetin-induced bullous pemphigoid-like eruption AD 120:1196-1199, 1984 Phlebogram dye – toxic reaction Piroxicam photodermatitis Pseudo-PCT AD 138:1607-1612, 2002; JAAD 31:500, 1994

Drug-induced Amiodarone B complex vitamins Bumetanide Chlorthalidone Cyclosporine Dapsone Etretinate Fluoroquinolones 5-fluorouracil Furosemide Hemodialysis in chronic renal failure

Hydrochlorthizide Naproxen Pyridoxine SOMA Sulfonamides Tanning bed AD 125:1236-1237, 1989 Tetracycline

PUVA blisters AD 123:1471-1477, 1987 PUVA-induced bullous pemphigoid Cutis 41:199-202, 1988 Pyridoxine abuse – PCT-like JAAD 14:915-917, 1986 Retinoid skin fragility with impetigo Tiopronin Ann DV 117:9, 1990 Vasopressin, intravenous JAAD 15:393-398, 1988

Irritant contact dermatitis

Anthrax – Bacillus anthracis; malignant pustule; face, neck, hands, arms; starts as papule then evolves into bulla on red base; then hemorrhagic crust with edema and erythema with small vesicles; edema of surrounding skin Am J Dermatopathol 19:79-82, 1997; J Clin Inf Dis 19:1009-1014, 1994; Br J Opthalmol 76:753-754, 1992; J Trop Med Hyg 89:43-45, 1986; Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 38:355-361, 1981 Aspergillosis – primary cutaneous Bacillus cereus (necrotic bulla) AD 127:543-546, 1991 Blister beetle dermatosis JAAD 22:815-819, 1990; Ped Derm 9:246-250, 1992 Blistering distal dactylitis Ped Derm 13:292-293, 1996; AD 118:879-880, 1982; JAAD 5:592-594, 1981 Brown recluse spider bite Clin Inf Dis 32:595,636-637, 2001 Bullous impetigo Cat scratch disease (inoculation vesicle) Ped Derm 5:1-9, 1988 Cytomegalovirus JAAD 18:1330-1338, 1988; JAAD 12:720-721, 1985 Enteroviral infection – vesicular lesions in AIDS Escherichia coli sepsis Gonococcemia – periarticular lesions appear in crops with red macules, papules, vesicles with red halo, pustules, bullae becoming hemorrhagic and necrotic; suppurative arthritis and tenosynovitis Ann Intern Med 102:229-243, 1985 Gram-negative web space infection Hand foot and mouth disease – Coxsackie A16, A5, A7, A9, A10, B2, B3, B5, enterovirus 7; vesicular Ped Derm 20:52-56, 2003; Rook p.998,1086, 1998, Sixth Edition; BJD 79:309-317, 1967 Herpes simplex – dyshidrosis-like herpes simplex in AIDS AAD 13:845-852, 1985; herpetic whitlow Clin Inf Dis 40:579, 609, 2005; Tyring p.81, 2002; Caputo p.154, 2000; Arch Emerg Med 7:124-125, 1990; disseminated herpes simplex infection Herpes zoster Tyring p.133, 2002 Insect bite reaction Leprosy – Lucio’s phenomenon – bullae and necrosis leaving deep painful ulcers Int J Lepr 47:161-166, 1979 Meningococcemia Milker’s nodules Necrotizing fasciitis JAAD 20:774-781, 1989 Nocardia asteroides AD 121:898-900, 1985

Orf AD 126:356-358, 1990 Papular urticaria Pediculid, bullous Cutis 41:281, 1988 Pseudomonas sepsis Ped Derm 4:18-20, 1987 Rat bite fever Rheumatoid arthritis – bullae of fingertips and/or toetips – arteritis BJD 77:207-210, 1965 Scabies – bullous pemphigoid-like eruption JAAD 24:179-181, 1991 Snake bites An Trop Med Parasitol 93:401-408, 1999; Am J Trop Hyg 58:22-25, 1998 Staphylococcal sepsis Syphilis, congenital; vesicular Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction AD 125:77-81, 1989 Tinea manuum, bullous Trichosporon beigelii AD 129:1020-1023, 1993 Vaccinia – progressive vaccinia Varicella Verruca vulgaris with secondary infection Vesicular stomatitis virus – vesicles of fingers, gums, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosa NEJM 277:989-994, 1967

Bullous amyloidosis Cutis 43:346-352, 1989 Langerhans cell histiocytosis (vesiculo-papules) AD 127:1049-1054, 1991 Nodular eosinophilic infiltration JAAD 24:352-355, 1991 Recurrent self-healing cutaneous mucinosis – red papules of palms and fingertips with pustules and vesicles BJD 143:650-652, 2000

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis of palms and soles Erythema multiforme Pyoderma gangrenosum Br J Plast Surg 53:441-443, 2000; JAAD 18:559-568, 1988; bullous pyoderma gangrenosum JAAD 27:804-808, 1992

Acrodermatitis enteropathica or acquired zinc deficiency Ped Derm 19:426-431, 2002; with anorexia nervosa JAMA 288:2655-2656, 2002 Bullous dermatosis of hemodialysis JAAD 21:1049-1051, 1989 Diabetic bullae Int J Derm 39:196-200, 2000; JAAD 13:799-805, 1985 Hypothyroidism with bullae Miliaria crystallina Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria AD 122:1327-1330, 1986 Pellagra Porphyria – congenital erythropoietic porphyria BJD 148:160-164, 2003; hepatoerythropoietic porphyria JAAD 11:1103-1111, 1984; porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT); variegate porphyria Rook p.2586-2587, 1998, Sixth Edition; Wien Klin Wochenschr 50:830-831, 1937; BMJ ii:89, 1955 Wilson’s disease – pretibial vesicles with hyperpigmentation JAAD 21:1030-1032, 1989

Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis AD 126:210-212, 1990 Leukemia – chronic lymphocytic leukemia JAAD 15:943-950, 1986 Lymphoma – bullous CTCL AD 104:402-406, 1971 Lymphomatoid papulosis – papulovesicles JAAD 38:877-905, 1998 Squamous syringometaplasia of eccrine glands (papulovesicles) AD 129:231-236, 1993

Paraneoplastic pemphigus resembling bullous pemphigoid JAAD 29:815-817, 1993

Celery ingestion with phototoxic burn AD 126:1334-1336, 1990 Hydroa vacciniforme AD 114:1193-1196, 1978 Photoallergic drug reaction Phyotophotodermatitis Polymorphic light eruption

Acrodermatitis continua Ghanan p.72, 2002, Second Edition Anetoderma – bullous appearance of anetoderma overlying a pilomatrixoma JAAD 25:1072-1076, 1991 Congenital erosive dermatosis with reticulated supple scarring AD 126:544-546, 1990; AD 121:361-367, 1985 Dyshidrotic eczema, including dyshidrotic id reaction Epidermolysis bullosa – simplex, recessive dystrophic AD 133:1111-1117, 1997; epidermolysis bullosa simplex with superficial erosions resembling peeling skin syndrome AD 125:633-638, 1989; EBS herpetiformis – Dowling-Meara – begins in infancy with hemorrhagic blisters of fingers and toes JAAD 28:859-861, 1993; Kallin’s syndrome – bullae of hands and feet, nail dystrophy, anodontia, alopecia, deafness Acta DV (Stockh) 65:526-530, 1985; EB atrophicans generalisata gravis, Herlitz type – extensive blistering and erosions at birth; perioral and nasal exuberant granulation tissue; bulbous finger tips with crusting and erosions Rook p.1828-1829, 1998, Sixth Edition; Epidermolysis Bullosa:Basic and Clinical Aspects. New York: Springer, 1992:118-134; autosomal recessive epidermolysis bullosa with muscular dystrophy or congenital myasthenia gravis AD 125:931-938, 1989; epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mutation of collagen 17A1 gene; ITGB4 coding for integrin beta-4 BJD 151:669-674, 2004; JID 118:185-192, 2002 Erythema elevatum diutinum – PCT-like bullae BJD 124:89-91, 1991 Hailey-Hailey disease – pemphigoid-like Hailey-Hailey disease Id reaction Lichen planus, bullous Lichen planus pemphigoides JAAD 22:626-631, 1990 Miliaria Pityriasis rosea Transient bullous dermatosis of infancy JAAD 21:708-713, 1989; AD 129:1209-1210, 1993