ABSTRACT
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a lifesaving therapy for patients with intestinal failure who are unable to receive suf—cient calories enterally, and its development in the late 1960s can be regarded as a signi—cant advance in modern medicine. However, no sooner was PN developed, did reports of the association between PN administration and cholestatic liver disease emerge, with the —rst publication occurring in 1971 [1]. This liver disease, being variously known as parenteral nutrition associated liver disease (IFALD) or parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis, is one of the most common complications experienced by patients on long-term PN and is a signi—cant contributor to morbidity and mortality in this patient population.
