ABSTRACT
Multiple states with different turbulence are allowed to exist in plasmas, and a bifurcation can occur. The model equations in chapter 18 are formulated as deterministic equations. However, the random source is also induced by the turbulence interactions. If one counts a statistical noise source in the turbulence, the transition from one turbulent state to another takes place as a statistical process. The transition occurs with finite probability even when a controlling parameter does not reach a critical value obtained by the deterministic analyses [23.2].
