ABSTRACT
Uncertainty ubiquity is due to the complexity and uncertainty of nature, limited human knowledge and cognition of the natural world, limited measurement technology levels, and approximated methods used in spatial data processing and analysis. The ultimate spatial data and analysis results are normally obtained through a series of processes, including spatial data capture, storage, update, transition, querying, and analysis. Spatial data uncertainties are introduced, propagated, accumulated, or even amplified during these processes. Uncertainties in captured spatial data are related to many factors, such as the quality of the data capture instruments, the environment state during the data capture, the particular focus of observers, the map projection methods, and the coordinate systems used.
