ABSTRACT
Varicose veins are recognized and reported by patients themselves, but a detailed
diagnosis may require the employment of several clinical and laboratory investi-
gation techniques. This is important because a thorough diagnosis may include
not only the origin and extension of reflux in the varicose veins, but also infor-
mation regarding deep and perforating vein function, calf pump function, and
other pathologies, orthopedic, neurologic, cardiac, hepatic, dermatologic, and
so on, which may cause or enhance the symptoms and signs of venous
insufficiency.
