ABSTRACT
In the best management practice (BMP) approach for salt-affected turfgrass sites, a number of chemical and physical amendments have been discussed for use on salt-affected soils in chapters on individual BMP strategies. These amendment applications were presented in the context of improving soil physical conditions for better leaching or as routine maintenance operations to improve turfgrass performance under salinity stress; that is, fertilization, sand capping, soil modication by sand, topdressing, wetting agents, cytokinins, science-based organic and inorganic amendment additions, and others. Saline soils, as noted in Chapter 2, “Saline Soils,” do not require Ca amendment treatment to displace Na since Na is not the dominant salt stress in these soils, but total soluble salts is the primary salinity management limitation issue. However, sodic and saline-sodic soils, as described in Chapter 3, “Sodic, Saline-Sodic, and Alkaline Soils,” do require vigorous chemical reclamation efforts, especially the addition of chemical amendments that provide available Ca as a displacement ion for Na on the soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) sites (Table 12.1). In the vast majority of reclamation cases for turfgrass sites, Ca arises from either direct application of an Ca amendment (normally gypsum) or application of an S form (acidifying agent) + lime (native
12.1 Overview of Remediation Approaches in Sodic Situations ................................................ 253 12.2 Calcium Sources ................................................................................................................. 258
12.2.1 Gypsum ................................................................................................................. 259 12.2.2 Anhydrite ..............................................................................................................260 12.2.3 Gypsum Byproducts (PG and FGDG) ..................................................................260 12.2.4 Other Ca Sources .................................................................................................. 261 12.2.5 Soluble Mg Amendments ...................................................................................... 262
12.3 Acid-Forming Materials + Lime Source ............................................................................. 262 12.3.1 Elemental S .......................................................................................................... 263 12.3.2 Sulfuric Acid and Sulfurous Acid Generators (SAGs) .........................................264 12.3.3 Other Sulfur-Based Amendments ......................................................................... 267
12.3.3.1 Ferric Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Aluminum Sulfate, and Iron Pyrite ... 267 12.3.3.2 Lime Sulfur and Calcium Thiosulfate (Ca[S2O3]) ................................ 267 12.3.3.3 N-Based and K-Based Polysuldes ...................................................... 267 12.3.3.4 N-Based Sulfate Liquid Acids (N-Phuric Acid, pHairway, and
N-Control) ............................................................................................268 12.3.4 Acid Substitutes and Organic Acids .....................................................................268
