ABSTRACT
Salinity stress on turfgrasses does not occur in a vacuum-other stresses are usually present on the site, and turfgrasses are generally exposed to more than one abiotic and biotic stress at the same time. If salinity is the primary limiting abiotic environmental stress affecting grass performance, any additional stress, whether it is abiotic (drought, heat or cold, shade and low light intensity and light quality, or wear and trafc) or biotic (insects, diseases, and weed competition), will adversely impact the overall sustainability of that grass on a site-specic basis. These second or third environmental stresses coupled with the primary salinity stress will often kill the grass in random areas on the site. Management requires the turfgrass manager to address all stresses on a site.
