ABSTRACT
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 152 Principal Cells Involved in Healing ....................................................................... 152
Platelets ............................................................................................................. 152 Neutrophils ........................................................................................................ 153 Macrophages ..................................................................................................... 154 Endothelial Cells ............................................................................................... 154 Fibroblasts ......................................................................................................... 155 Keratinocytes ..................................................................................................... 155
Cell Interactions during Normal Healing ............................................................... 156 Hemostasis ........................................................................................................ 156 Inammation ..................................................................................................... 157 Neutrophils ........................................................................................................ 157 Macrophages ..................................................................................................... 158 Resolution of Inammation ............................................................................... 159 Lymphocytes ..................................................................................................... 161
Granulation Tissue Formation ................................................................................ 162 Reepithelialization ................................................................................................. 164 Remodeling ............................................................................................................ 165 Cytokines and Growth Factors in Regulation of Healing ...................................... 165 Properties of Key Growth Factors and Cytokines .................................................. 166
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor ........................................................................ 166 Transforming Growth Factor-β...........................................................................167 Fibroblast Growth Factor .................................................................................. 167 Epidermal Growth Factor .................................................................................. 168 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ................................................................. 168 Insulin-Like Growth Factor ............................................................................... 169 Cytokines and Chemokines ............................................................................... 169 Interleukin-1 ...................................................................................................... 169 Tumor Necrosis Factor-α....................................................................................170
Chronic and Impaired Wounds ............................................................................... 171 General Factors Impacting on Healing ............................................................. 171
