ABSTRACT
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 330 Part A: An Overview of CaP Staging and Anti-CaP Strategies ..................................................... 331
AD and HRPC ........................................................................................................................... 331 Anti-CaP Strategies ................................................................................................................... 331
Targeting the Central Nervous System (CNS)-Adrenal-Testicular Axis to Block Androgen Synthesis ....................................................................................... 331 Targeting Cell Proliferation Inhibition and Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest .............................. 333 Apoptosis as a Target for Developing Anti-CaP Agents ...................................................... 333 Suppression of AR Expression and Function ....................................................................... 333 Disrupting the Interplay between Prostate Stroma and Epithelium ..................................... 334
Part B: How Well Do Herbal Therapies Fit as Anti-HRPC Strategies? ......................................... 334 Alternative Treatment and Management Strategies for Malignant Diseases ............................ 334 Herbal Medicine Offers New Opportunities in CaP Treatment ................................................ 335 Positive and Negative Attributes of Herbals as Anti-CaP Agents ............................................. 336
Part C: Studies of Polyherbal Formulations ................................................................................... 337 Overview on EquiguardTM ......................................................................................................... 337 Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................. 338 Issues on Polyherbal Formulation Studies ................................................................................ 338 Testing Anti-CaP Activities of EquiguardTM ............................................................................. 338
Modulation of LNCaP Cell Growth and Cell Cycle Regulatory Protein by EquiguardTM ..................................................................................... 338 Studies with HRPC DU145 and PC-3 Cells .........................................................................340 Induction of Apoptosis in EquiguardTM Treated LNCaP Cells .............................................340 Effect of EquiguardTM on Prostate Speci c Gene Expression in LNCaP Cells ................... 341 Control of IL-6 Signaling in EquiguardTM Treated CaP Cells .............................................. 341 Investigation of the Anti-CaP Activities of EquiguardTM Using Target-Speci c Arrays ........... 342
Studies of Composition Herbs of EquiguardTM in AD and HRPC Cells ...................................344 Mechanistic Framework of Antiprostatic Carcinogenic Effects of EquiguardTM ...................... 345
Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................346 Summary Points .............................................................................................................................346 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 347 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 347 References ...................................................................................................................................... 347
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and produces the second highest cancer mortality rate in U.S. men. According to the American Cancer Society, the expected number of new cases in 2008 was 186,320 with 28,660 deaths. An upward trend in the incidence rate of CaP among adult males in the United States rst surfaced in the early 1990s, and was probably linked to an increase in life expectancy and more prevalent use of the PSA test. In recent years, through vigilant screening and early diagnosis, the reported CaP cases have actually decreased slightly; nevertheless, the prognosis associated with metastastic disease remains dismal.
