ABSTRACT
One of the goals of improved seizure detection is to expand the window for therapeutic intervention (Litt et al. 2001). A new therapeutic approach that can be combined with seizure detection is the use of responsive deep brain electrical stimulation (DBS) (Sun et al. 2008). Anecdotal evidence dating back to the 1930s suggested that direct electrical stimulation of different brain regions can decrease seizure frequency and/or severity (Walker 1938). Unfortunately, many of these early studies consisted of isolated, uncontrolled case reports of con§icting results (Cooper et al. 1973; Cooper and Upton 1978; Wright et al. 1978). The –rst controlled clinical study that examined the effect of centromedian thalamic stimulation in patients with intractable epilepsy did not observe a signi–cant decrease in the number of seizures (Fisher et al. 1992). The mixed results of these early studies led to a decreased interest in DBS as a therapy for epilepsy. However, the recent success obtained in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders with DBS (Benabid et al. 2009) as well as the decrease in seizure frequency observed in some patients treated with vagus nerve
28.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 397 28.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................ 398
28.2.1 Kindling Seizure Model ........................................................................................... 398 28.2.1.1 Electrode Implantation............................................................................... 399 28.2.1.2 AD Threshold Testing ................................................................................ 399 28.2.1.3 Effect of Preemptive Low-Frequency Stimulation on Kindling
Acquisition in Amygdala-Kindled Rats ..................................................... 399 28.2.1.4 Effect of Preemptive Low-Frequency Stimulation on the Kindled
State ...........................................................................................................400 28.2.1.5 Data Analysis .............................................................................................400
