ABSTRACT
In general, heterogeneous carbon electrodes and sensors are very versatile and can be employed in connection with all conventional electrochemical techniques-of course, except polarographysuch as voltammetry, amperometry, potentiometry, and all their variants, as well as many others. Compared with the use of homogeneous electrodes, the combinations with carbon paste electrode (CPEs), chemically modi‘ed carbon paste electrodes (CMCPES), and carbon paste (CP)-biosensors show various advantages and disadvantages, which are sketched brie©y in the following sections. Otherwise, the signi‘cant characteristics of each technique are summarized in a condensed form only, as they can be referred to in the corresponding handbooks [3,162-165,1915-1925].
