ABSTRACT
Three branches of colloid science-the theory of the electrical double layer, electrokinetic phenomena, and the electric surface forces-have always been developed in close connec tion with each other and traditionally on the basis of the concept of complete equilibrium (thermodynamic concept) of the double layer (DL). However, the DL transforms from its equilibrium state into a nonequilibrium one under any effect causing internal ion flow [1, 2], e.g., under the influence of an external electric field. The transition from the thermo dynamic concept to the electrochemical macrokinetics concept [3, 4] not only causes these three branches of colloid science to be transformed, but also to be supplemented by new branches.
