ABSTRACT
Abstract ................................................................................................. 162 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 162 9.2 Background .................................................................................. 163 9.2.1 Nanostructured Composites Based
on Interpenetrated Polymer Network .............................. 164 9.2.2 Polymer Nanocomposites With Very Low Permeability
and High Resistance to Aggressive Environments .......... 165 9.2.3 Novel Metallic and Polymer Matrix
Nanoreinforced Materials Produced by Method of Super-Deep Penetration ................................. 166
9.3 Membrane Filtration .................................................................... 166 9.3.1 Manufacturing Fibrous Filtering Materials ..................... 166 9.3.1.1 Basic Research on Electrospun
Nanofibers in Filtration .................................... 170 9.3.1.2 Membranes Filtration ....................................... 171 9.3.2 The Relationship Between Nanotechnology and
Filtration .......................................................................... 176 9.3.3 Types of Membranes ....................................................... 181
9.3.3.1 Isotropic Membranes ...................................... 182 9.3.3.2 Anisotropic Membranes .................................. 183 9.3.3.3 Porous Membrane ............................................ 184 9.3.3.4 Nonporous (Dense) Membrane ....................... 184 9.3.4 Introduction to Morphology and Porosity ....................... 185 9.3.5 Porosity ............................................................................ 186 9.3.6 Porosity in Natural Soils .................................................. 188 9.3.7 Measurement of porosity ................................................. 188 9.3.8 Pores and Pore-size Distribution: The Nature of a Pore ....... 190 9.3.9 Porous materials .............................................................. 191 9.3.10 Properties of Porous Materials ...................................... 191 9.3.11 Macroporous Materials and Their Uses ......................... 193 9.3.12 Mesoporous Materials ................................................... 194 9.3.13 Microporous Materials .................................................. 195 9.3.14 Nanoporous Polymers ................................................... 197 9.3.15 Nanoporous Materials Connection ................................ 198 9.3.16 Classification by Network Material ............................... 199 9.3.17 Summary of Classifications ........................................... 200 9.3.18 Origin and Classification of Pores in Solid Materials ......... 200 9.3.19 Traparticle Pores ............................................................ 200 9.3.19.1 Intrinsic in Traparticle Pore ......................... 200 9.3.19.2 Extrinsic Intra-Particle Pore ........................ 201 9.3.20 Inter-Particle Pores ........................................................ 202 9.3.21 Structure of Pores .......................................................... 203 9.3.22 Porosity and Pore Size Measurement Techniques on
Porous Media ................................................................. 205 9.3.23 Carbon Nanotubes-Polymer Membrane ....................... 206 9.3.23.1 Carbon Nanotubes ....................................... 208 9.3.23.2 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes ................... 213 9.3.23.3 CNT Composites.......................................... 213 9.3.23.4 Structural Development in
Polymer/CNT Fibers ................................... 214
9.3.23.5 General Fabrication Procedures for Polymer/CNT Fibers ..................... 214
9.3.24 Filter Applications ............................................ 216 9.3.24.1 Antimicrobial Air Filter .................. 216 9.3.24.2 Basic Processes Controlling
Filter Efficiencies ........................... 217 9.4 Nanotextile and Tissue Engineering From a
Biological Perspective ................................................................. 219 9.4.1 Catalyst and Enzyme Carriers ......................................... 220 9.4.1.1 Catalysis ........................................................... 220 9.4.1.2 Electrochemical Catalysts ................................ 221 9.4.1.3 Catalysis ........................................................... 222 9.4.1.4 Enzymes ........................................................... 224 9.4.1.5 Photocatalysis .................................................. 225 9.4.2 Medicinal Applications for Electrospun Nanofibers ....... 227 9.4.2.1 Nanotechnology and Medicinal
Applications in General ................................... 227 9.4.2.2 An Overview .................................................... 228 9.4.2.3 Tissue Engineering: Background Information . 231 9.4.2.4 Nanofibers in Tissue Engineering
Applications ..................................................... 237 9.4.2.4.1 Nerve Tissue Engineering .............. 237 9.4.2.4.2 Skin Tissue Engineering ................ 237 9.4.2.4.3 Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering ... 237 9.4.2.4.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Engineering ................................... 237 9.4.2.4.5 Cartilage Tissue Engineering ........ 238 9.4.2.4.6 Bone Tissue Engineering ............... 238 9.4.3 Tissue Engineering: Cells and Scaffolds ......................... 239 9.4.4 Extracellular Matrix ......................................................... 241 9.4.4.1 Collagen ........................................................... 241 9.4.4.2 Proteoglycans ................................................... 242
9.4.4.3 Noncollagenous Proteins ................................. 242 9.4.4.4 Tissue Fluid ..................................................... 243 9.4.5 Scaffolds .......................................................................... 243 9.4.6 Wound Healing ................................................................ 248 9.4.7 Transport and Release of Drugs ...................................... 250 9.4.8 Application in Tumor Therapy ........................................ 251 9.4.9 Inhalation Therapy ........................................................... 252 Keywords .............................................................................................. 253 References ............................................................................................. 254
ABSTRACT
One of the most interesting and perspective directions in material engineering of the last years is development of technology of nano-materials consisting from two or more phases with precise interphase border and nanostructured materials based on interpenetrated polymer network. Nowadays many countries are leaders in nanotechnology; not only in fundamental academic researches but mainly in industrial introduction of scientific and technological achievements. Some important results in the nano-materials engineering are summarized in this chapter.
