ABSTRACT
Abstract ..................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 4 1.2 Main Problems of Agriculture at Northeast of
European Part of Russia ................................................................... 5 1.3 Type of Soils of Volga-Vyatka Economic Region ............................ 5 1.4 Agro-Climatic and Geographical Features of the Region ................ 6 1.5 Possibilities and Successes of Creation of Adaptive Varieties
of Agricultural Crops in North-East Breeding Center ..................... 9 1.5.1 Some Historical Facts .......................................................... 9 1.5.2 Soil Acidity ......................................................................... 10 1.5.3 Photosynthesis .....................................................................11 1.5.4 Aluminum Resistance ..........................................................11 1.5.5 Results Breeding of Oats .................................................... 12 1.5.6 Inheritance of Valuable Traits ............................................ 12 1.5.7 Transgressions .................................................................... 13 1.5.8 The Use of Biotechnology in Breeding .............................. 13 1.5.9 Successes in Breeding Oat and Barley ............................... 14 Keywords ................................................................................................ 15 References ............................................................................................... 15
ABSTRACT
The zone of activity of the North-East breeding center are characterized by a complex of the adverse ecological factors caused by low natural fertility of widespread podzolic soils, a variation of temperatures and nonuniformity of distribution of precipitations. On the other hand successes of breeding of varieties of intensive type considerably lowered their resistance to stressful ecological factors. Efficiency of breeding is provided, along with studying of questions of genetics of quantitative and qualitative traits, with use of selective and stressful backgrounds; with a network of ecological test for territories of Volga-Vyatka region. It allows receiving varieties with high plasticity and stability of the genotype, providing formation of yield stable on years and territories under conditions of stressful agriculture. The combination of limiting (provocative) and favorable backgrounds, laboratory and greenhouse experiments has allowed to obtain varieties of cereals characterized by tolerance and/or resistance to soil acidity and to drought: oats Faust, Dens, Krechet, Gunter, Eclips, Sapsan, and Avatars; barley Dina, Ecolog, Lel, Novichok, Pamiaty Rodinoy, Rodnik Prikamia, and Tandem. These varieties are created with use of methods as traditional breeding (hybridization, selection) and biotechnologies. The special attention in biotechnological programs is given to a combination of high potential efficiency of varieties and ability to resist to action of abiotic and biotic stressors. Methods of cellular selection are developed for reception of an initial material of barley and oats resistant against a drought and toxicity of aluminum on acid soils.
