ABSTRACT
R. K. MISHRA,1 M. D. OJHA,2 V. S. PANDEY,3 and R. B. VERMA4
1The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), India Habitat Centre, Lodi Road, New Delhi, India
2College of Horticulture, Bihar Agriculture University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India; E-mail: drmdojha@gmail.com
3National Seed Corporation, Beej Bhawan, Pusa Complex, New Delhi, India
4Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour-813210, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................ 188 10.2 Integrated Disease Management: Basic Concept ....................... 189 10.3 Integrated Disease Management: Key Strategies ...................... 190 10.4 Important Diseases ..................................................................... 191 10.4.1 Pre-Harvest Diseases.................................................... 191 10.4.2 Post-Ha rvest Diseases .................................................. 198 10.5 Future Strategies for Diagnose the Diseases .............................. 203 Keywords .............................................................................................. 203 References ............................................................................................. 204
10.1 INTRODUCTION
Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Garlic (Allium sativum L) is the most important Allium species cultivated in India and used as vegetable, salad and spice in the daily diet by large population. In India, onion and garlic crops are grown almost all over the country, especially in the states of Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Jammu & Kashmir, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka. Madhya Pradesh is the leading state in garlic production while in onion, Maharashtra is the leading state accounting for more than 22.83% of area and 28.42% of production with an average yield of 12.37 t/ha. In India per hectare yields are highest in Gujarat (22.65 t/ha) followed by Punjab (22.63 t/ha). The area under garlic during 2009-2010 is 0.14 million ha and production is 0.75 million tones with average productivity of 5.38 t/ha. In India per hectare yield are higher in Punjab (16.67 t/ha) followed by H.P. (13.14 t/ha) and Haryana (12.38 t/ha). The crop is attacked by many diseases, which vary from region to region, season to season and variety to variety. Various biotic factors like fungi; bacteria, viruses, phytoplasmas and nematodes are associated with garlic at different stages of growth and cause considerable damage/losses in yield as well as quality of garlic. There are many diseases affecting the garlic production throughout the country. These diseases can also affect at production, harvesting, processing and marketing stages, which lower the quality, reduce the yield there by increase the cost of production and export potential also. The diseases alter the cropping pattern and affect local and export markets. In 1993, in Maharashtra state 60-80% losses were reported due to Purple blotch. Consistent use of fungicides and other chemicals to manage the diseases in crop plants not only poses a serious threat to the environment and mankind but also slowly build up resistance in the pathogens.
