Introduction

Materials science is an interdisciplinary fi eld which deals with the discovery and design of novel materials. The material of choice in a given era is often a defi ning point, such as Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Steel Age, Cement Age, and the Silicon Age (Naumann 2010). With further advances in the

Xiamen University, China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, China, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, USA.