ABSTRACT
The advent and frequent use of highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals has decreased the prevalence of oral candidiasis, oral hairy leukoplakia, and HIV-associated periodontal disease in adults. There are a number of oral manifestations of HIV infection, many of which may be the first clinical indicators of infection and some may predict progression of HIV disease to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Four major types of oral candidiasis have been described in HIV-infected individuals: pseudomembranous candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, hyperplastic candidiasis, and angular cheilitis. Oral hairy leukoplakia represents a manifestation of Epstein–Barr virus infection that was first described in HIV-infected individuals. HIV-infected individuals may experience other viral infections such as herpes zoster and cytomegalovirus. Compared to adults, children are less likely to have ocular manifestations of HIV infection. Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic, superficial fungal infection that is a feature of primary HIV infection and is commonly found in late-stage disease of patients progressing to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
