ABSTRACT
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
Computers these days are no longer just stand-alone machines such as our desktops or laptops. They are parts of systems like airplanes, trains, and nuclear power plants, but also cars, pacemakers, “smart buildings,” and the electric power grid. Such systems, called cyber-physical systems (CPS) integrate cyber parts (the computer or computers in the system), physical parts (e.g., the car chassis, engine, wheels, etc., or the human heart), and various other interfacing and connecting components (sensors, actuators, networks). The computer (both hardware and software) is truly the brain of these systems, as it performs the critical and often complex control logic functions.
